Trading in Influence: Modus Baru dalam Korupsi Indonesia Tahun 2022 dan Paradoks Kriminalisasi

This study evaluates the handling of corruption cases by the Prosecutor's Office, the Police and the Corruption Eradication Commission throughout 2022 and gives a fair grade (C) with a handling percentage of about 50% of the target of 2,772 cases. A comparative assessment of the last five years illustrates the dynamics of the handling of corruption cases. Quantitative charts highlight trends in enforcement, from the number of cases to potential losses to the state. Mapping corruption cases using the influence peddling mode involves identifying, analyzing, and summarizing patterns. Mapping steps include identification of cases, analysis of characteristics, creation of visual maps, integration of contextual factors, trend analysis, and recommendations. This mapping supports the understanding and formulation of strategies for dealing with corruption cases using the influence trading mode. In 2022, budget abuse dominates, followed by price gouging and fictitious activities. The high prevalence of these three methods indicates a lack of oversight in development and widespread corruption in the procurement of goods and services. Of the 579 cases, 43% involved the procurement of goods and services. Influence trading methods were also identified and used 19 times. The delegation of great authority to regional heads creates bargaining in the promotion and transfer of ASN. The case of buying and selling positions involving Regional Heads and ASN reflects the symbiosis between the two, with greed for power and ASN's desire to obtain immediate positions. The rise in this case is likened to an iceberg phenomenon, with the possibility that many cases have yet to be discovered.

H Ybrid Qam - Fsk Hqfm Ofdm T Ransceiver With L Ow Papr

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is an attractive multicarrier technique for mitigating the effects of multipath delay spread of radio channel, and hence accepted for several wireless standards as well as number of mobile multimedia applications. Alongside its advantages such as robustness against multipath fading, spectral efficiency and simple receiver design, OFDM has two major limitations. One of these is its sensitivity to carrier frequency offsets (CFO) caused by frequency differences between the local oscillators in the transmitter and the receiver and the other is high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). This high PAPR is due to the summation of sinc-pulses and non-constant envelope. Therefore, RF power amplifiers (PA) have to be operated in a very large linear region. Otherwise, the signal peaks get distorted, leading to intermodulation distortion (IMD) among the subcarriers and out-of-band radiation. A simple way to avoid is to use PA of large dynamic range but this makes the transmitter 1 Dr. Nasir D. Gohar is currently Professor/HoD, Communication Systems Engineering Department at NUST School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Islamabad. ivcostly. Thus, it is highly desirable to reduce the PAPR. In order to reduce the PAPR, several techniques have been proposed such as clipping, coding, peak windowing, Tone Reservation (TR), Tone Injection (TI), Selected Mapping (SLM) and Partial Transmit Sequence (PTS). After studying these schemes, it was found that most of these methods are unable to achieve simultaneously a large reduction in PAPR with low complexity, low coding overhead and without performance degradation and transmitter/ receiver symbol handshake. In this study, an OFDM transceiver is proposed which makes use of hybrid modulation scheme instead of conventional modulator like QAM or PSK. In addition to improved BER performance both in AWGN and frequency selective fading channel, it exhibits low PAPR. The modified OFDM transceiver makes use of multilevel QAM constellations, where the level of QAM is decided by specific number of bits chosen arbitrarily from a group of bits to be encoded in the QAM symbol. The simulated results show that PAPR is considerably reduced, though at the cost of a slight increase in detection complexity. Like PTS or SLM, it works with arbitrary number of subcarriers but needs no side information to be transmitted. It is also shown that PAPR reduction capability of the proposed system is comparable to PTS. However, to further reduce the PAPR, one has to alter this hybrid MQAM/LFSK (HQFM) signal sets like in PTS, but there is no need of transmitting any additional side information. At the receiver, these deformations can be removed in one or two iterations, thus, original data retrieved but with a little increase in the receiver complexity.