2 ۔ اصلاح معاشرہ میں حقوق العباد کی ادائیگی کی اہمیت
اس میں کوئی شک نہیں کہ معاشروں کے اتار چڑھاؤ میں حقوق العباد کا بہت زیادہ عمل دخل ہے ، اگر آپس کے حقوق و فرائض افراد پورے کرتے رہیں تو کوئی بگاڑ اور فساد پیدا ہی نہ ہو۔فساد اسی وقت پیدا ہوتا ہے جب کسی کے حقوق دبائے جائیں ۔ اسی وجہ سے قرآن وحدیث میں بڑی تاکید کے ساتھ حقوق العباد کی ادائیگی کا حکم دیا گیا ہے ۔
اسلامی ریاست میں تمام شہری حقوق و فرائض کی ادائیگی میں برابر ہیں۔حقوق و فرائض لازم و ملزوم ہیں۔ایک شخص کے جوفرائض ہوتے ہیں ، وہی دوسرے کے حقوق ہوتے ہیں، جیسا کہ شادی شدہ عورت کو نان و نفقہ ، لباس اور رہائش دینا اس کے خاوند کے ذمہ ہے اور یہ عورت کا حق ہے۔ اس کے بدلے میں عورت پر یہ فرض عائد ہوتا ہے کہ وہ اپنی عزت وناموس کی حفاظت کا خیال رکھے اور بچوں کی تعلیم وتربیت پر خصوصی توجہ دے ۔ بالکل اسی طرح ریاست اور اس کے افراد کے بھی آپس میں حقوق و فرئض متعین ہیں ۔ ریاست ٹیکس وصول کرکے اور قوانین وآئین پر عمل پیراکروا کے معاشرے کو لوگوں کو تعلیم ، صحت اور آزادی کی سہولت مہیا کرتی ہے۔ ا سلام کا یہ خاصہ ہے کہ اس نے فرائض کی ادائیگی پر زور دیا ہے اور اسی کے ضمن میں حقوق خودبخود آجا تے ہیں۔دینِ اسلام چونکہ عدل و انصاف اور مساوات کا دین ہے، اس لیے اسلامی ریاست میں تمام شہریوں کو سماجی، سیاسی اور اقتصادی حقوق برابری کی بنیاد پر حاصل ہوتے ہیں۔ اسلامی ریاست ملک سے جرائم کا خاتمہ کر کے شہریوں کو عدل و انصاف فراہم کرتی ہے ، ہر فرد کی جان و مال اور عزت وآبرو...
The research methodology represents a scientific feature that highlights its manifestations and its fruits according to the nature and results of the methodology; this shows the intellectual contribution and impact on the advancement of human civilization in the scientific field. The methodology of Muhaddithin provided an innovative and practical approach about the certainty of narations which they had devised and applied. The question is: what is the way to document the narrations? To answer this question needs to refer to the books of sciences of Hadith, and when looking at these books shows that they are addressing this issue under different topics. But the knowledge of narrations in terms of the factors pertaining to certainty is not covered in special sub title, but there are hints scattered in different places in the books of sciences of Hadith. There is still a need to address the issue comprehensively in all aspects relating the factors of certainty, Hence the goal of the research from the next two points 1- Exploration the foundations and factors pertaining to the certainty about the narrations. 2- Highlight the methodological innovation according to Muhaddithin in this regard. The purpose of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of Methodological Bases and warranting Circumstances for Sunnah Authentication.
Deciphering In Vitro Regeneration Capabilities of Wheat and Investigations of Genetic Transformation in Wheat and Barley An efficient and reliable genetic transformation system is imperative for the improvement of food grains such as wheat and barley. While wheat transformation is complex due to its larger genome and high ploidy level, the barley has a limiting factor of genotypic dependency. In addition, cereals are known to be recalcitrant towards callus induction and regeneration. The biological processes behind in vitro response are complex and poorly understood. Selection of responsive genotypes and suitable media for tissue culture are important for genetic transformation. Mature embryos of wheat cultivars, lines and special stocks were used to evaluate genotypic and chromosomal response to tissue culture with variable concentrations of 2, 4-D in MS-medium. Similarly, different concentrations of IAA, BAP and Kinetin were used to find optimum combinations for regeneration. Specific expression vector pBRACT 214-NDPK2 carrying NDPK2 gene was used to compare relative Agrobacterium mediated transformation efficiency in wheat and barley. Significant differences were found among mean values of calli obtained under different concentrations of 2, 4-D for the tested wheat cultivars and lines. Callus induction frequency varied widely with genotype and exogenous auxin source ranging from 21% (Chenab 2000) to 94% (Atta Habib) at 1 and 2 mg/L of 2, 4-D, respectively. Most responsive cultivars and lines were Atta Habib, Siran, Iqbal 2000, Inqalab 2000, Marvi 2000, CIITADSW2, CIITADSW4, CIITADSW5 and CIITADSW9 which yielded maximum calli in a minimum time period of four weeks. It was found that from genome A the chromosomes 1A, 2A showed marked effect on callus induction, while from B and D genome the chromosome 3B, 7B, 2D, 4D and 6D were found responsible for the callus induction response. Based on the information from the response of substitution lines, the gene responsible for tissue culture response can be marked on to the individual chromosomes. Most efficient regeneration response was shown in Atta Habib followed by Siran and Chenab 2000 respectively. Wheat line CIITADSW5 showed significantly highest regeneration potential of 31% followed by CIITADSW1, CIITADSW4, CIITADSW5 and CIITADSW9 each with 25%. Both wheat and barley showed different responses towards callus induction and regeneration. Both embryogenic and non embryogenic calli were found in wheat with significantly greater tendency for embryogenecity in barley. The barley transformed lines showed good response on the regeneration medium as compared to wheat. PCR analysis of putative transformants using genomic DNA analyses showed a promising transformation response in barley with 27% transformation efficiency opposed to wheat where no true transgenic was obtained in any cultivar used in this study. The protocol developed and optimized for wheat and barley transformation will greatly help in crop improvement programme through genetic engineering especially in diploid relatives of cereals. Findings of this study suggested that callus induction and regeneration were genotype and hormones dependent, but independent of each other.