س طرح دین کی معمولی سوجھ بوجھ رکھنے والے شخص کو ہمارے ہاں عالم دین سمجھ لیا جاتا ہے اسی طرح علامہ اقبال کے چند اشعار یاد کر لینے والے یا اقبال کی شخصیت پر تحقیقی مضمون یا مقالہ لکھنے والے بعض احباب اپنے آپ کو بطور اقبال شناس کہلانے میں دیر نہیں کرتے ۔ ایسے حالات میں کچھ ایسے اسکالرز بھی موجود ہیں جنہوں نے حقیقت میں فکر اقبال کو سمجھا اور دوسروں کو سمجھایا۔ اقبال فہم ہستیوں میں بلا شبہ ڈاکٹر رفیع الدین ہاشمی، ڈاکٹر حسین فراقی ، ڈاکٹر شاہد اقبال کامران اور ڈاکٹر قمر اقبال بہت بڑے نام ہیں۔ اس فہرست میں ایک نام پروفیسر ڈاکٹر عبدالحق کا بھی ہے جنہوں نے ہندوستان میں رہ کر اقبال فہمی کا علم اٹھا رکھا ہے۔ ہندوستان میں فکر اقبال کی شمع روشن کرنا جوئے شیر لانے سے کم نہیں۔ ڈاکٹر محمد عامر اقبال اس لحاظ سے ہدیہ تبریک کے مستحق ہیں کہ انہوں نے پروفیسر ڈاکٹر عبدالحق جیسے اقبال شناس کی زندگی کے مختلف پہلوؤں کے در وا کرنے کی کوشش کی ہے۔ ان کی زیر نظر کتاب پروفیسر عبد الحق: احوال و افکار جہاں پروفیسر عبد الحق کی زندگی پر روشنی ڈالتی ہے وہاں فکر اقبال کی توسیع و تفسیر کے لیے بھی کار آمد ہے۔ کتاب کی شاندار اشاعت پر میں ڈاکٹر عامر کو مبارک باد پیش کرتا ہوں اور ان کی کامیابی کے لیے دعا گو ہوں۔ مجھے یقین کامل ہے کہ ان کی یہ کاوش اقبال شناسی کے میدان میں نو آوردگان کے لیے اہم دستاویز ثابت ہوگی۔
پروفیسر ڈاکٹر مشتاق عادل
صدر شعبہ اردو، یونیورسٹی آف سیالکوٹ
Pakistan is an Ideological country, there are only two ideological states in the world. First one was Madinah (Saudi Arabia) and the second one is Pakistan. Political situation in our country is worst. There is no any stability in political situation. From its existence Pakistan is facing different problems and issues. In this research article, will try to draw reasons and will table solutions to get political stability in Pakistan.
The present research was conducted to explore the relationship between dysfunctional attitude and performance anxiety in Iranian and Pakistani students, and also to see the interaction effect of gender and culture on dysfunctional attitude and performance anxiety in both samples. For this purpose, a total sample of 1500 students was taken (based on equal number from Iran and Pakistan) with an age range between 20-40 years. The data were collected from two public universities of Iran (Isfahan & Kashan) and Pakistan (University of the Punjab and Government College University). The dysfunctional attitude of the participants was assessed through Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS, Weissman & Beck, 1980). Participants‟ anxiety was assessed through State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-Y1-Y2; Spielberger, 1983). An Exploratory Factor Analyses was run to explore the dimensions of Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (Form-A). Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient was employed to assess the relationship between dysfunctional attitude and performance anxiety. Regression analysis was used to determine the predictors of anxiety in students. The two way ANOVA was used to explore the interaction effect of gender and culture on dysfunctional attitude and state-trait anxiety. Process Analysis was used to assess the moderate relationship between dysfunctional attitudes and state-trait anxiety. The results of Exploratory Factor Analysis yielded four factor solutions, based on 40 items of DAS-A which reflected themes of Perfectionism (Fifteen items), Approval (Twelve items), Achievement (seven items) and Autonomy (six items). The findings showed significant positive relationship between dysfunctional attitude and state-trait anxiety in Iranian and Pakistani university students. The findings also revealed that trait anxiety and state anxiety were significantly related with each other. The findings xx showed non-significant main effect of gender, but a significant main effect of culture on dysfunctional attitudes of perfectionism and achievement. In Iranian students, state anxiety was predicted by marital status, having an unsatisfactory relationship with parents, and dysfunctional attitudes of perfectionism and achievement, while trait anxiety was predicted by marital status, employment status, having an unsatisfactory relationship with parents and dysfunctional attitudes: perfectionism and achievement. In Pakistani sample, state anxiety was predicted by marital status, employment status, having an unsatisfactory relationship with parents, and dysfunctional attitude of perfectionism, while trait anxiety was predicted by gender, marital status, employment status, having an unsatisfactory relationship with parents, and dysfunctional attitudes of perfectionism. However, in combined sample (both Pakistani and Iranian), variables such as gender, single marital status, unsatisfactory relationship with parents, and dysfunctional attitudes of perfectionism and achievement emerged as significant predictors of trait anxiety. Moreover, culture, marital status, unsatisfactory relationship with parents, and dysfunctional attitudes of perfectionism and achievement predicted state anxiety in combined sample. Moderation analysis showed that culture moderated the relationship between perfectionism, achievement and state-trait anxiety in student population. Findings of the study revealed important implications for both researchers and clinicians; who use shortened version of Dysfunctional Attitude Scale (DAS-A) to identify common dysfunctional attitudes across two cultural groups and to provide them effective therapeutic intervention to overcome performance anxiety.