Twelve Tips for Enhancing Student Learning Experience in the Operating Room

Student learning within the Operating Room (OR) is complex and challenging, especially for medical students who heavily rely upon structured learning plans. Medical students’ OR-based surgical learning experience is heterogenous, unstandardized, and inadequate for many reasons. There is a growing need to evaluate the learning modalities and models that we currently use for medical graduates’ OR-based learning process, create a balance between structured and opportunistic learning encounters and incorporate previously identified factors that have been known to influence the quality of OR-based learning positively. In continuation with our previous work on OR-based learning, here we argue for a structured OR-based learning plan that embodies appropriate learning models and teaching methodologies and focuses on a comprehensive plan that justifies a local needs analysis and addresses factors influencing the quality of OR-based student learning to produce enhanced learning outcomes.

Beltrami States in Three Component Plasmas

A static and stationary relaxed state of a single fluid MHD plasma appears as a consequence of the minimization of magnetic energy while the magnetic helicity remains conserved. The relaxed state is known as Beltrami state and represented by eigenvalue equation of the curl operator. The Beltrami state is a force-free equilibrium state and characterized by a single scale parameter. There exists no pressure gradient in ideal MHD self-organized state.On the other hand, selforganized states of multi component plasmas composed of multi Beltrami states are characterized by strong flow and pressure gradients which are the important features of practical plasmas found in laboratory and space environments. The self-organized states of multi component plasmas are investigated and analyzed. It is shown that self-organized state of electronegative dusty plasma comprising of one positive ion, two negative ions and immobile heavy dust grains can be cast as a superposition of three Beltrami states characterized by three scale parameters. This state is called as Triple Beltrami state and has a wide range of solutions covering paramagnetic as well as diamagnetic self-organized states. The relaxed equilibrium state of three component plasmas is found to be composed of four Beltrami states when all the inertial and non-inertial forces are taken into account. Two of the components constitute a pair while other one is taken to be a singly ionized positive ion. The self-organized state is called as Quadruple Beltrami state and governed by four eigenvalues. It is found that density of ions plays a significant role in the formation of relaxed structures. It is also shown that the relaxed state of three component plasmas can be cast in terms of double Beltrami state which is the superposition of two Beltrami states. The loss of equilibrium in a slowly varying double Beltrami state is investigated by changing control parameter.The equilibrium state is analyzed to observe the effects of magnetic helicity, generalized helicity, ratio of magnetic field to positron flow, density of components and energy of the system. The critical values of energy and control parameter are derived and the results are applied to model the eruptive events occurring in solar coronal loops.