5جولائی 1977ء ضیاء الحق مارشل لاء
کامریڈ رئو ف لنڈ
پاکستان کی تاریخ کا وہ منحوس ترین دن جس کی طوالت اور تسلسل (بھلے شکلیں بدل کر ہی سہی مگر)آج تک جاری ہے ۔سیاسی تاریخ کی روشنی میں دیکھا جائے تو پتہ چلتا ہے کہ ملکوں میں محض ناپسندیدہ جمہوری حکومتوں کو بدلنے اور اگلی من پسند حکومتوں کے قیام کے لیے ہی مارشل لا ء لگائے جاتے ہیں ۔مگر پاکستان کی تاریخ کا یہ پہلا مارشل لاء ہے جو ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کی جمہوری حکومت ہٹانے کے ساتھ ساتھ پاکستان کے ان کروڑوں محنت کشوں کے خلاف لگا یا گیا کہ جنہوں نے 1967-68ء میں انقلابی سر کشی کر کے پاکستان کے سرمایہ داروں ،جاگیرداروں ،ملائوں ،ججوں اور جرنیلوں کے مسلط شدہ جبری اہتمام اور ان کی عائد کردہ رنگ و نسل ۔مسلک و مذہب ،ذات و برادری ،اور وطن و قومیت کی خبیث تقسیم کو مسترد کر دیا گیا تھا ۔عوام کے ذہن سے اس سرکشی کو کھرچنے اور محو کر نے کے لیے کھیلوں کے میدانوںمیں بے گناہ لوگوں کو ٹکٹکی پہ باندھ کے ان کے ننگے جسموں پہ کوڑے برسائے گئے ،پھانسیاں دی گئیں ،شاہی قلعوں کے عقوبت خانوں (جن کا نام سن کر آج بھی جسم پر لرزہ طاری ہو جاتا ہے )میں ڈال کر ان کو برفوں کی سلوں پر لٹایا گیا ۔بجلی کے جھٹکے دیے گئے ،پاخانہ پلا یا گیا ،سیاسی قیدیوں کے سامنے ان کی مائوں بہنوں کو ننگا لا یا گیا اور ان قیدیوں کے ہاتھوں اور پائوں کے ناخن نکالے گئے ۔پھر جب ان غیور محنت کشوں کو نہ جھکایا جا سکا تو پاکستان میں مذہبی بنیاد پرستی کے بیج بو کر ایک خدا اور ایک رسول کے ماننے والوں کو ایک دوسرے کے ہاتھوں ذبح کر ایا...
This study revisited the literature to find answer to an important question that whether Zakat could or could not be paid to the non Muslims? There are different arguments in favor of giving the Zakat to the needy Dhimmies (non Muslims) in an Islamic State. After reviewing Islamic teachings, laid down in holy Quran and Sunnah, the practices of pious Caliphs, in the Islamic History, views of different Islamic schools of thought and the opinion of modern Islamic jurists, the study found that Quran and Sunnah allowed the payment of zakat to the Al-Muallaf-al-Qulub (poor non-Muslims and those, whose hearts are to be inclined). However, there are differences in the opinion of various Islamic schools of thought. For example, according to Maliki and Zaidi schools of jurisprudence it is lawful to give Zakat to the non-Muslims, where as Shyafee school of thought hold opposite opinion and does not allow the payment of Zakat to the non-Muslims. The modern Islamic jurists Muhammad Shaltut, Mustafa Al-Zarka, Taha Jabir, Syed Abual Aa la Maududi, Imam Khumany of Shia School of thought etc, argue that since modern states have become welfare states, it is therefore allowed to use zakat for the well-being of citizens including the non-Muslims. The recommendations given in this study are multidimensional that we will not only help the poor non-Muslims but also complement to eradicate poverty and reduce income inequality in Muslim countries
This dissertation presents an application of heuristic computational intelligence for the solution of non-linear systems in engineering. The design scheme is comprised of mathematical model based on feed-forward artificial neural network (ANN). The linear combination of these networks defines the unsupervised error for the system. The most suitable weights to minimize the error are obtained by training the networks employing stochastic solvers. These techniques are based on nature inspired heuristics including Pattern Search (PS), Simulated Annealing (SA), Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithms. Rapid local convergent algorithms such as Interior Point (IP) and Active Set (AS) methods are hybridized with these global search techniques. To validate the scheme, a number of linear and non-linear initial and boundary value problems have been solved. The design methodology is also applied to a number of problems having special applications in engineering including, singular systems based on non-linear Lane Emden Fowler equation, non-linear van der Pol oscillator with stiff and non-stiff conditions and systems with high nonlinearity governed by Painlevé transcendent I. In addition to that, the scheme also provides an alternate solution for biomedical application like model of heart for low, high and normal blood pressure. It is found that the proposed results are in good agreement with available exact solution and numerical solvers like Adomian decomposition method, Homotopy Perturbation method, Homotopy analysis method and Optimal Homotopy asymptotic method, ODE15i and Runge Kutta method. The comparative studies of stochastic solvers are carried out under a stringent criterion of accuracy, effectiveness, reliability and robustness of the results based on Monte Carlo simulation and its analysis. The solvers based on SA, PS, GA, PSO, GA and PSO hybrid with IP or AS algorithms are used for optimization of neural network. It is found that the GA-IP, GA-AS, PSO-IP and PSO-AS algorithms are the best stochastic optimizers. The other perk up of the scheme have in its simplicity of the concept, ease in use, efficiency and unlike other numerical techniques, it provides the solution on continuous inputs with finite interval instead of predefine discrete grid of inputs.