مولانا حافظ عبدالعزیز
یہ سطور ابھی زیر تحریر ہی تھیں کہ جامعہ اشرفیہ مبارکپور کے سربراہ اعلیٰ مولانا حافظ عبدالعزیز کی وفات کی اطلاع ملی ان کی عمر اسی سال سے متجادز تھی، مگر ابھی خیال نہ تھا کہ وقت موعود اتنا قریب آچکا ہے، وہ بریلوی مدرسۂ فکر سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، مگر مزاج میں اتنا اعتدال تھا کہ دوسرے حلقہ کے لوگوں سے بھی خندہ پیشانی اور فراخ دلی سے ملتے تھے، علمی مشاغل کے ساتھ عبادت وریاضت سے بھی خاص شغف تھا، راقم الحروف نے ۱۹۶۸ء کے موسم حج میں ہندوستانی سفارت خانہ کی ایک تقریب میں پہلی بار انھیں دیکھا تھا، اور ان کی سادگی، احتیاط، اور زاہدانہ زندگی سے متاثر ہوا تھا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے ساتھ رحمت و مغفرت فرمائے، اور ان کے اہل و عیال اور عقیدت مندوں کو صبر جمیل اور دین و ملت کی پر خلوص خدمت کی توفیق عطا فرمائے۔ (’’ع ۔ق‘‘، جون ۱۹۷۶ء)یہ سطور ابھی زیر تحریر ہی تھیں کہ جامعہ اشرفیہ مبارکپور کے سربراہ اعلیٰ مولانا حافظ عبدالعزیز کی وفات کی اطلاع ملی ان کی عمر اسی سال سے متجادز تھی، مگر ابھی خیال نہ تھا کہ وقت موعود اتنا قریب آچکا ہے، وہ بریلوی مدرسۂ فکر سے تعلق رکھتے تھے، مگر مزاج میں اتنا اعتدال تھا کہ دوسرے حلقہ کے لوگوں سے بھی خندہ پیشانی اور فراخ دلی سے ملتے تھے، علمی مشاغل کے ساتھ عبادت وریاضت سے بھی خاص شغف تھا، راقم الحروف نے ۱۹۶۸ء کے موسم حج میں ہندوستانی سفارت خانہ کی ایک تقریب میں پہلی بار انھیں دیکھا تھا، اور ان کی سادگی، احتیاط، اور زاہدانہ زندگی سے متاثر ہوا تھا، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کے ساتھ رحمت و مغفرت فرمائے، اور ان کے اہل و عیال اور عقیدت مندوں کو صبر جمیل اور دین و ملت کی پر خلوص خدمت کی...
Every year heads of different states make their speeches in the general debate of United Nations General Assembly (UNGA). They address national and international issues and suggest measures to resolve them with the help of international community and the United Nations. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also made speeches in the UNGA. In 2013, he was newly elected prime minister and was enthusiastic to resolve issues with India. There was no internal political pressure on him at that time and the government in India was hostile towards Pakistan. But one year in power and embattled with domestic issues and international pressure, the prime minster approached the issues differently in his 2014 speech. The aim of this paper is to compare his two speeches and see what changes occurred in his stance towards India. The main focus of the analysis is: Who is the addressee of these speeches? How confident did Nawaz feel about the solution of the issues that he raised. The Corpus tool Wmatrix has been used to analyze the data. The results show significant differences in his two speeches with regard to his stance towards India.
In the modern era of agricultural crop production, commercial applications of crop inputs and industrial activities have increased salt concentrations in our soil and water resources making them toxic for growing crops. During abiotic stresses, plants employ several strategies, among which salt pumping and compartmentalization into intracellular organelles (lumen of vacuole) is a major strategy. The present study involved the development of transgenic cotton cv. coker-312 tolerant to salt and drought stress. In the first part of the study, silicon carbide whisker mediated cotton callitransformationmethod was established using GUS and AVP1 gene. Fertile transgenic plants were produced from embryogenic calli of four events. PCR and southern hybridization of kanamycin resistant putative AVP1 embryogenic calli showedthe presence andstable integration of transgenes in 1-4 copies in the genome. Results of the salt tolerance study of T1AVP1transgenic cotton showed significantly greater salt tolerance at 200mM NaCl than nontransformed control plants. Moreover, transgenes segregate in a Mendelian fashion indicated the authenticity of the method. In the second part of the study, AtNHX1 gene was cloned underthe control of double CaMV 35S promoter and terminatorin plant transformation vector pGA482.Agrobacterium tumefaciensharboringAVP1 and AtNHX1 genes were used to inoculate coker-312 hypocotyls. Putative transgenic kanamycin resistant calli of different events were produced and putative regenerated transgenic plants were obtained. The Overall transformation efficiency was 20-25 %. Regenerated T0plants were grown to maturity in the containment for getting selfed T0seeds and subsequently T1 and T2 seeds. PCR and Southern analyses showed the presence and genomic integration of 1-4 copies ofthe AVP1 and AtNHX1genes. Northern analyses/cDNA analyses showed transcripts of transgenes in the transgenic plants. Transgenic plants (T2) having AVP1and AtNHX1genes verified by PCR were exposed to salt studies executed with AVP1 transgenic in both hydroponic as well as in pots while plants having AtNHX1 gene were exposed only in pots. After 4-6 weeks of germination, NaCl was applied in solutions up to 200 mM. Transgenic plants showedsignificantlyhigher accumulation of Na+, K+, total free amino acids, proline, total soluble sugars and higher nitrate reductase activities than non-transformed control plants. A water stress study was performed on AVP1 T2 transgenic cotton after two weeks and 8-10 weeks of germination in pots. Stress was applied by withholding water for upto 10 days. Results revealed that transgenic AVP1 plants have significantly high water contents and low water potentials with less square shedding, retain high number of bolls than non-transformed control plants. Photosynthesis rate was significantly higher in transgenic (AVP1/AtNHX1) cotton progenies than non-transformed control plants. Transgenic cotton also showed significantlybetter growth and yield when compared with non-transformed plants. Fiber analyses by scanning electron microscopy and HV1 indicated that fiber of transgenic plant were healthy with uniform twisting in contrast to weak and shriveled fiber of the nontransformed control plants. Transgenic plants hadhigh fiber strength, length and low mic value than non-transformed control cotton plants respectively. Transgenic germplasm developed in present study might be useful for its application in cotton breeding program aiming salt/drought tolerance in cotton cultivars.