ایم مہدی حسن افادی الاقتصادی
ماہ گزشتہ میں ایم مہدی حسن (افادی الاقتصادی) کا انتقال ادبیات اردو کے لئے ایک سخت حادثہ ہوا، مرحوم ایک سحرنگار ادیب اور ایک خاص طرزِ انشاء (اسٹائل) کے موجد تھے، معارف کے افق پر یہ برق ایک سے زائد بار چمکی اور یقین ہے کہ ناظرین کے دلوں میں ’’شبلی سوسائٹی اور معاصرانہ چشمک‘‘ کے لکھنے والے کی یاد ابھی بالکل تازہ ہوگی، مرحوم کو مولانا شبلی کی ذات سے گہرا تعلق تھا، اسی لئے وہ معارف کو بھی بہت عزیز رکھتے تھے اور دارالمصنفین کی مجلس انتظامی کے رکن تھے، ادب و انشاء کا ایسا ذوقِ سلیم رکھنے والے افراد مدتوں میں پیدا ہوتے ہیں۔ افسوس ہے کہ ۲۲؍ نومبر کو یہ ماہتاب کمال پیوند خاک ہوگیا۔ اِنَّالِلّٰہِ وَاِنَّا اِلَیْہِ رَاجِعُوْنَ۔
گورگھ پور وطن تھا، مشرقی تعلیم کے ساتھ انگریزی تعلیم حاصل کی تھی۔ قرق امینی سے تحصیلداری تک بتدریج ترقی کی تھی۔ نہایت مہذب اور سنجیدہ تھے، مزاج میں نفاست اور لطافت حد درجہ تھی۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، دسمبر ۱۹۲۱ء)
اردو کے لطیف انشا پرداز ایم مہدی حسن مرحوم (افادی الاقتصادی) کی یاد اب تک ان کے قدردانوں کے دلوں میں باقی ہوگی، مرحوم کی زندگی کی خالص خصوصیت لطافت پسندی تھی، جس سے ان کی زندگی کا کوئی شعبہ خالی نہ تھا، رہنا سہنا، پہنا اوڑھنا، پڑھنا لکھنا، سفر اور قیام، خیال اور تصور، تحریر اور تقریر ہر شے میں ان کی یہ خصوصیت نمایاں تھی، مولانا شبلی مرحوم کے لٹریچر کے وہ شیدا تھے، وہ ڈھونڈھ کر عمدہ سے عمدہ لفافے اور کاغذ مولانا کے پاس بھیجتے تھے کہ وہ ان پر ان کو خط لکھیں، جب دارالمصنفین سے کتابیں منگواتے تھے تو فرمائش ہوتی تھی کہ کتاب کی...
Library research is a data collection technique through the library in the form of literature books, and lecture materials that are relevant to the problem under study. In this study, the authors used the following data collection methods Research library (library research) It is a data collection technique through the library in the form of literature books, and lecture materials that are relevant to the problem under study. Field research (field research) is direct retrieval of the object under study by taking the following steps Observation, namely data collection through direct observation of the object under study, Interviews, namely conducting interviews with leaders and parties interested in the object of research.
Among major cropping systems, rice–wheat system is questioned due to its high contribution in carbon (C) fluxes. To quantify the impact of nutrient management approach on harvestable C-biomass, crop-derived C, soil organic C and N-sequestration, growth, development and yield of rice and wheat, a 2-year field study was executed under conventional tillage (CT) and reduced tillage (RT) in rice-wheat system of Punjab-Pakistan. The fertilization management treatments, including control (T1); treatment 2 (T2, NPK) recommended NPK; treatments 3 (T3, animal manure (M; 20.0 Mg ha-1); treatment 4 (T4, 100% crop residue incorporation; treatment 5 (T5, NPKM5/5) 50% NPK and 50% M; treatment 6 (T6, NPKS5/5) 50% NPK and 50% crop residue; treatment 7 (T7, 0.25NPKM + 0.50S) 25% NPK with 25% M and 50% crop residue and treatment 8 (T8, 0.25NPKS + 0.50M), 25% NPK with 25% crop residue and 50% M were randomly allocated in a split plot design under CT and RT. The results show that organo-mineral treatments (T5-T8) increased harvestable C-biomass by 12.56% and 53.31% relative to the sole organo-mineral (T2-T4) and control (T1) treatments, respectively, under both tillage systems. Further, organo-mineral treatments resulted higher crop-derive C-inputs by 38.27% and 60.72% over control treatment. Additionally, organo-mineral fertilizers significantly reduced the soil bulk density (BD), leading more N-sequestration. The organo-mineral treatments enhanced total dry matter (TDM) of wheat by 30.99 to 53.67%, mean crop growth rate (MCGR) by 30.07 to 65.07%, leaf area index (LAI) by 43.78 to 57.28%, productive tillers by 43.04 to 51.53% and grain yield by 22.52 to 62.31% relative to control under both tillage methods. In rice, organo-mineral treatments enhanced TDM by 35.90 to 54.83%, MCGR by 38.11 to 53.02%, LAI by 21.14 to 51.68% and productive tillers by 11.11 to 32.44% as compared to control. Subsequently, DNDC model successfully captured the trends in SOC contents which is indicated by several statistical indexes such as -0.75 < ME < 0.42, 0.68 g kg−1 < RMSE < 1.06 g kg−1, 0.70 < d < 0.87, 10.94% < nRMSE < 16.26, 4.82 < MPD < 5.77, and 0.31 < MAE < 0.34. In conclusion, an appropriate combination of inorganic NPK, crop stubbles and animal manure could be beneficial to stimulate C-stocks and N-sequestration which directly will alter the soil physical and biological properties for better crop growth and development. Further, DNDC have identified that combine use of inorganic and organic amendments may be beneficial to sequester more SOC sequestration. A greenhouse study was conducted to assess the simultaneous effects of BC and nitrogen (N) fertilization to reduce N2O and CH4 emissions along with higher biomass accumulation in rice under controlled conditions. Nine treatment combinations of BC amendments at 0, 2 and 4% by weight (weight of BC/weight of soil) mixed into 3500 g of unsterile soil with 0, 70 and 140 kg N ha-1 were used in growing rice. Results show that BC-only treatments enhanced the volumetric water contents (VWC) by 9-14% and soil pH by 5-7% coupled with higher daily and cumulative seasonal CH4-C fluxes by 85-95% and 48-51%, respectively, compared with control treatment. Subsequently, the DNDC model also simulated the CH4 emissions trends well in agreement with the measurements. Thus, this study suggests that the use of BC amendment at 2% with 140 kg N ha-1 may be a beneficial strategy to reduce the net GHG emissions from paddy rice in an Alfisol. However, the DNDC model must be calibrated and validated by intensively measurements of additional soil variables including dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial composition after application of different types of biochar.