Glucose Insulin Ratio in Hyper Insulinemic Women with Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Background: Women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) have insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia that may play a key role in the pathogenesis of PCOS. Objectives: To determine and compare glucose-insulin ratio in hyper-insulinemic women with the polycystic ovarian syndrome and healthy controls. Materials & Methods: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted at Lahore General Hospital. A total of 80 women 24-35 years of age were recruited from Lahore General Hospital. 50 women had PCOS, and 30 were healthy controls. PCOS was diagnosed by using the Rotterdam criteria. Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured. Glucose and insulin were estimated by the glucose oxidase method and ELISA, respectively. HOMA-IR was calculated to determine insulin resistance (IR). HOMA- β was calculated to assess the β-cell function. Fasting glucose and insulin ratio were also calculated. Results: Mean age of the women with PCOS and healthy controls was 29.89±3.54 and 28.60±1.12 years, respectively (p>0.54). BMI and waist circumference of women with PCOS were higher compared to healthy controls (p>0.45). Fasting glucose, fasting insulin, HOMA- β, and IR were significantly higher in women with PCOS compared to healthy controls (p<0.001). Conclusion: In addition to HOMA IR, the glucose-insulin ratio may be considered to assess hyperinsulinemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

Impact of Micro Finance on Profitability of Small Farmers of Tehsil Sadder Bahawalpur, Pakistan

The current study is planned to investigate the impact of micro finance on the profitability of small agriculture farmers that how does micro finance influence their profitability. The objective of the study was to investigate the function of micro finance in generating profits for the small agriculture farmers of Tehsil sadder Bahawalpur. The sample of the study includes 150 small agriculture farmers of Tehsil sadder Bahawalpur those who were taking micro finance services from different micro finance and commercial banks in Bahawalpur like, The First micro finance bank, Zari Tariquati bank Limited (ZTBL) and National Rural Support Program (NRSP) bank and Khushhali bank. Personal interviews were conducted with the beneficiaries of micro finance services who are getting micro finance services from different financial institution with the help of open ended questionnaire. A pilot study was also conducted and statistical techniques like variance inflation factor (VIF), Normality test, Multicolenerity and Heteroskedasticity tests were applied through checking residual diagnostics in E views software for the validity and reliability of the data and instrument. During interviews data for three years was collected from respondents and for analysis purpose fixed and random effect techniques were applied on this panel data.Results of the study explain that micro finance has significant impact on the profitability of small agriculture farmers and there is a positive relationship between micro finance and profitability of small agriculture farmers. Houseman test was conducted to decide the appropriate analysis techniques from fixed and random effect for this particular study which prove that random effect technique is appropriate for this particular panel data study.