ڈاکٹر محمد ضیاء الدین انصاری
ڈاکٹر محمد ضیاء الدین انصاری میرے مخلص اور عزیز دوست تھے، مجھے ان کے انتقال کی خبر بہت دیر سے ملی، وہ علی گڑھ مولانا آزاد لائبریری میں ڈپٹی لائبریرین تھے، وہاں جاتا تو مطلوبہ کتابیں فوراً حاضر کرتے اور چائے سے خاطر تواضع کرتے، اصرار کرکے گھر بلاتے اور پرتکلف دعوت کرتے، خدابخش لائبریری کے ڈائریکٹر ہوکر وہ پٹنہ گئے تو اسے ترقی دینے کے لئے متعدد کام کئے اور کئی سمینار کرائے جن میں مجھے مدعو کرتے، وہاں سے ریٹائر ہوکر علی گڑھ آئے تو مولانا حسین احمد مدنیؒ پر ایک سمینار کا پروگرام بنایا مگر وہ نہ ہوسکا، ضیاء الدین صاحب کو علم و ادب سے بڑا شغف تھا اور وہ اچھے منتظم بھی تھے، کئی کتابیں لکھیں لیکن اشاریہ نگار کی حیثیت سے انہوں نے اپنا خاص سکہ جمایا، وہ بڑے شریف، نیک طینت، خوش خلق اور مرنجان مرنج شخص تھے، اﷲ تعالیٰ انہیں جنت نعیم عطا کرے اور پس ماندگان کو صبر جمیل عطا فرمائے، آمین۔
(ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، اپریل ۲۰۰۷ء)
Hadîth is the second important source of Islamic Law after the Qur’ᾱn. There is a consensus among the Muslims that Sunnah is the second revealed fundamental source of Islamic sciences. Due to the importance of these fundamental sources, Muslim scholars and educational institutions around the world have played an important role in the development of Hadîth sciences. There are different teaching methodologies and learning approaches. We should use different teaching methods to improve the quality of Hadith studies to the best level and achieve our objectives. The Applied approach is an approach that emphasizes the relevance of what is being learnt to the real world outside the classroom and makes that relevance as immediate and transparent as possible. It is a valuable approach that can be used at all levels of education. It motivates students, improves their confidence and also provides a meaningful context for learning both theoretical concepts and practical skills. There are immense possibilities for development in Hadîth studies by using the applied approach in teaching and learning of Hadîth and its sciences. The challenge is to ensure that applied approach in teaching of Hadith and its sciences plays a constructive role in improving the educational quality of Hadith studies to the level best. This research article is based on importance of applied approach in teaching of Hadîth and its Sciences.
Due to the limited supply and the strict management policy of the spectrum, it is very difficult to overcome the requirements of data rates and bandwidth in communication systems. To successfully deal with this problem, the idea of random allocation of spectrum rather than fixed allocation of spectrum has come into existence which leads to the idea of cognitive radio (CR). Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is a best candidate for CR. It has an ability and agility to occupy the spectral holes that are not currently in use by the licensed user and whose positions are changing randomly by simply turning on and off its subcarriers. In order to maintain the successful co-existence between the licensed and un-licensed users, the interference between them should be minimized and one such interference is due to the high sidelobes of OFDM subcarriers that should be minimized at the transmitter side of the OFDM system. Some techniques are found in literature for the suppression of the sideobes, but a need of even better techniques that suppresses the sidelobes in a better way is required. This dissertation is a contribution towards the above mentioned area. The dissertation is mainly divided into three parts. In the first part, cancellation carriers (CC) based sidelobe reduction technique is presented. A few number of CCs are inserted on either side of used OFDM spectrum, the amplitude of the main lobe of these CCs are adjusted in such a way when it is added with the OFDM spectrum it will results in the reduction of sidelobes. For the adjustment of amplitudes of the main lobe of CCs, we have proposed different heuristic algorithms, including Genetic algorithm (GA), Firefly algorithm (FFA), Differential evolution (DE) and Cuckoo search algorithm (CSA). In the second part, we have proposed Generalized sidelobe canceller (GSC) for the reduction of sidelobes. In this proposed technique the input signal is passed through the two v branches of GSC, the upper branch and the lower branch. The upper branch consist of weight vector allows the signal to pass through it and provides the necessary gain to the desired portion of the signal satisfying the constraint. The lower branch consists of blocking matrix followed by adaptive weight vector, the blocking matrix blocks the desired portion of the signal and pass the undesired portion of the signal while the adaptive weight vector adjusts the amplitudes of the undesired portion of the signal. Finally the signal from the upper branch and lower branch are then subtracted, results in the reduction of sidelobes. In the last part, for further suppression of sidelobe, we have proposed an OFDM framework that is capable of describing any out-of-band (OOB) radiation technique, irrespective of whether one or more than one techniques are applied. Based on that framework, we proposed eight different techniques that can be viewed as two step reduction techniques and are divided into two main groups: The first group, is a combination of our proposed technique GSC with the existing techniques and in the second group is a combination of our proposed techniques GSC with GA, FFA, DE and CSA based CCs. To show the effectiveness and reliability of all our proposed techniques, we have considered five different spectrums sharing environments. Simulation results show that our proposed techniques, get better suppression of sidelobes.