مرحوم احمد تیمور پاشا
مصر کے ان جدید تعلیم یافتہ اصحاب میں، جنھوں نے گزشتہ ربع صدی میں عربی علم ادب اور اسلامی علوم و فنون کی بیش ازبیش خدمت انجام دی، ایک ہستی احمد تیمور پاشا کی ہے، افسوس ہے کہ انھوں نے گزشتہ ماہ اپریل میں وفات پائی، ان کی مفید تالیفات کے علاوہ وقیع علمی مقالات مصروشام کے ممتاز رسالوں میں شائع ہوتے رہتے تھے اور معارف نے بھی ان کے مضامین ایک سے زیادہ مرتبہ اپنے صفحات میں پیش کئے۔
احمد تیمور پاشا نومبر ۱۸۷۱ء میں مصر کے ایک متمول کرد خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے، یہ خاندان محمد علی پاشا کے عہد میں موصل سے مصر میں آکر آباد ہوا اور اس کے مورث اعلیٰ تیمور بن محمد بن اسمٰعیل بن کرد محمد علی پاشا کے دورِ حکومت مصر میں کے دست راست تھے۔
احمد تیمور پاشا ابھی چند ہی دن کے تھے کہ ان کے والد اسمٰعیل تیمور پاشا کا انتقال ہوگیا اور ان کی تربیت ان کی شاعرہ و ادیبہ بہن عائشہ نے کی، انھوں نے ان کو بچپن ہی میں ایک فرانسیسی مدرسہ ’’مارسیل‘‘ میں داخل کردیا، چند سال کی تعلیم و تربیت کے بعد جب انھیں عربی علم و ادب سے زیادہ شغف ہوا تو فرانسیسی مدرسہ سے نکل کر گھر ہی پر عربی علوم و آداب کی باقاعدہ تحصیل شروع کی اور اس عہد کے مشہور اساتذۂ مصر کے سامنے زانوے ادب تہ کیا، چنانچہ ان کے اساتذہ کی فہرست میں مصر کے ممتاز فاضل شیخ رضوان بن محمد مغلاتی، شیخ حسن طویل، شیخ محمد محمود ترکزی شنقیطی، شیخ محمد عبدہ اور علامہ طاہر جزائری وغیرہ ہیں، انھیں اساتذہ سے علوم عربیہ صرف و نحو، فقہ، منطق، حدیث اور علوم قرآن میں مہارت حاصل کی اور ان علوم کے ماسوا فرانسیسی زبان میں خاص دستگاہ پہلے حاصل ہوچکی...
Youth are the real asset of a nation, nation make progress by channelizing, the energy and effects of youth in the right direction. If youth of a nation go astray, the nation will be bound to fail. This short paper intends to look at the challenges faced by our youth for example, the political, religious and philosophical influence of anti-Islam powers, the use of all resources to attract youth to Islam, the attraction of Muslim youth to philosophy, to look into the influence of west through education which is leading the nation to financial and social way wardenss Indecency, Arabic language is replaced with other language for teaching and understanding of the Qur’ān and Unemployment, poverty and a sense of uselessness of youth is a huge challenge. This factor is leading the youth to stealing, robbery and other moral weaknesses. This short article will try to throw light on the challenges and responsibilities of youth. The history of mankind tells us that it is only the young people, who took the revolutionary measures to change the societies. Youth is the prime time of ones life. It is the time when all energies are at their peak. So one should get advantage of youth before getting old and helth before falling sick. As they say “new broom sweap clean”. Young people can bring great changes in cleaning socieities from evils. Muslim youth has great resficial to whole humanity. Today, youth is facing many challenges in their life. These challenges are in social, moral, educational, intellectual and political fields. To cope with them youth must have the knowledge and awareness. This short article tends to throw light on these challenges and gives ways and remedies to face them successfully.
Medicinal plants provide rich resources of ingredients which can be used in drug development and synthesis. In Pakistan Periploca aphylla Decne. (Asclepiadoideae) is used to treat gastrointestinal, dermatological and topical diseases whereas Fagonia olivieri (Zygophyllaceae) is generally used for the cure of cancer, diabetes, asthma, fever, toothache, urinary discharges, stomach troubles and renal disorders. This study was designed to evaluate the pharmacological activities of P. aphylla and F. olivieri using in vitro and in vivo models. The fresh samples (whole plant) of P. aphylla and F. olivieri were collected and made in to a fine powder after shade drying. Methanol extract of powder was resolved with escalating polarity to get fractions; n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and residual aqueous fraction. The extract/fractions were subjected to phytochemical analysis which showed the existence of tannins, saponins, terpenoids, cardiac glycosides, alkaloids, phlobatannins and flavonoids. All the extracts/fractions showed potent activity against Gram-negative, Gram-positive bacteria and fungal species. However, the most active fractions of F. olivieri were ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous while methanol, n-butanol and aqueous fractions of P. aphylla exhibited activity against a maximum number of strains as compared to other fractions. These fractions also exhibited good cytotoxic activity as the maximum (96.66 %) was shown by ethyl acetate fraction of the F. olivieri and methanol extract of P. aphylla at 1000 mg/ml. Total phenolic and flavonoid content of P. aphylla was found to be higher in the ethyl acetate (186±1.18 mg GAE/g of extract) and n-butanol fractions (85.1667±0.13 mg RE/g extract) respectively. The ethyl acetate fraction exhibited the lowest IC50 values for DPPH and ABTS radicals. The n-butanol fraction exhibited the radical scavenging activity for superoxide and OH radical and H2O2 scavenging. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the F. olivieri samples ranged from 16 ± 0.881 to 50 ± 1.764 mg GAE/g extract and 19 ± 0.529 to 106 ± 0.892 mg RTE/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant activity was measured by a number of in vitro systems. The aqueous extract showed the highest radical scavenging activity with IC50 = 55 ± 1.212 μg/ml for DPPH, followed for ABTS, H2O2, and superoxide radical. However, ethyl acetate fractions exhibited the lowest IC50 values for phosphomolybdenum and OH radical scavenging assays. xxiii Quantification of phenolic compounds was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) which showed the presence of rutin, catechin, myricetin and caffeic acid in the crude extract and fractions of P. aphylla and F. olivieri. Thirty compounds were identified in P. aphylla methanol extract during GC-MS analysis which revealed that hexadecanoic acid, methyl ester (13.65%) was a major component followed by 1,1,6-trimethyl-3-methylene-2-(3,6,9,13 tetramethyl-6- ethenye-10,14-dimethylene-pentadec-4-enyl)cyclohexane (9.41%), 9-Octadecenal, (Z)- (CAS) (8.00%), Pyrrolidine, 1-(6-phenyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)- (CAS) (7.50%) and 5 (Dimethylamino)-3-ethoxy-5-isopropyl-1-(4''-trifluoromethylphenyl)-2-[2"-(4- "''trifluoromethylphenyl) ethynyl]-1,3-cyclopentadiene (5.28%). The prevailing compounds in F. olivieri were methyl 1-(but-2''-en-1''-yl)-6,7- (dimethoxy)isoquinoline-3-carboxylAte (71.89%), ethyl hydrogen P,5''-anhydro-2'',3''- O-isopropylideneadenosine-8-phosphonate (7.64%), 2-Bromo-5-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4 (trimethylsiloxy)phenyl)furan (3.33%) and [1]Benzothieno[2'',3''-3,4]thieno[3'''',2''''- 7,8]cycloocta[1,2-b:5,6-b'']diquinoxaline (3.25%). Piscidic acid (C11H12O7) was isolated and identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectrum studies from aqueous fraction of F. olivieri, as an antibacterial compound isolated for the first time using activity guided fractionation. Anti-inflammatory and anti-depressant activities were measured by means of carrageenan induced paw edema and forced swim test (FST) in Sprague-Dawley rats respectively. The maximum activity was shown by n-butanol and methanol fractions of P. aphylla while ethyl acetate and aqueous fractions of F. olivieri in the above assays. The anti-diabetic potential of P. aphylla and F. olivieri was measured using glucose tolerance test and streptozotocin induced diabetes. The aqueous fraction of the F. olivieri and the n-butanol fraction of P. aphylla showed anti-diabetic potential. The effect of methanol extract of P. aphylla and F. olivieri was also investigated against paracetamol, gentamicin and doxorubicin-induced toxicity in Sprague-Dawley rats. At the end of the experiments, body weight and organ (liver, kidney, heart, lungs, testes, brain) weights were measured. Serum ALT, ALP, AST, total bilirubin, total protein, urea, creatinine and lipid profiles such as cholesterol, triglycerides, HDL and LDL were assayed. The levels of cardiac biomarker enzymes viz LDH, CK, CK-MB were observed. Lipid peroxidation (indexed by TBARS) and antioxidants like glutathione, glutathione transferase, peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and catalase xxiv were assessed. Histopathology of tissues was also performed. The genetic parameters were evaluated by means of DNA fragmentation and DNA ladder assay. The lesions induced by these drugs in all the above mentioned parameters were determined to be lower particularly in the P. aphylla and F. olivieri treated groups. Moreover, extracts administered at 400 mg/kg were found to show greater protective effects than that at 200 mg/kg. Furthermore, the protective activity of these extracts was comparable to that of silymarin, an active moiety in Silybum marianum, wellknown for its hepatic regenerative activity. Thus the results show that crude methanol extracts and partitioned fractions of P. aphylla and F. olivieri possess antimicrobial, cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antidepresssent, anti-diabetic and antioxidant effects. The spectra of activities displayed by the extracts could be credited to the presence of these phytochemicals (flavonoids, saponins, tannins, alkaloids and terpenoids). This may validate the use of these plants in traditional medicine for the treatment of various disease conditions and signifies the potential of P. aphylla and F. olivieri as sources of therapeutic agents.