3 ۔حدِ سرقہ
لغوی مفہوم
سرقہ سے مرادکسی چیز کو خفیہ طریقے سے لینا ،جیسا کہ ابن فارس سرقہ کے بارے میں لکھتے ہیں
السين والراء والقاف أصلٌ يدلُّ على أخْذ شيء في خفاء وسِتر. يقال سَرَقَ يَسْرق سَرِقَةً. والمسروق سَرَقٌ. واستَرَقَ السَّمع، إذا تسمَّع مختفياً. ومما شذَّ عن هذا الباب السَّرَق: جمعَ سَرَقة، وهي القطعة من الحرير۔105
مادہ " سَرَقَ " ہے اس کا معنی ہے کسی چیز کو خفیہ طریقے سے لینا جیسے کہا جاتا ہے سَرَقَ يَسْرق سَرِقَةً. والمسروق سَرَقٌ اور واستَرَقَ السَّمع کا معنی ہے کسی بات کو چھپ کر سننا اور اس کی جمع سرقہ ہے اور یہ ریشم کے ٹکڑے کو بھی کہتے ہیں۔
سرقہ مال چوری کرنے کو کہتے ہیں ابن منظور افریقی کے بقول
قالوا سَرَقَهُ مالاً وفي المثل سُرِقَ السارقُ فانتحَر والسَّرَق مصدر فعل السارق تقول بَرِئْتُ إليك من الإباق والسَّرَق في بيع العبد ورجل سارِق من قوم سَرَقةٍ ۔ 106
"کہتے ہیں کہ اس کا مال چوری کیا اور ضرب المثل ہے چور کا پیچھا کیا گیا وہ بھاگ گیا السرق سارق کا مصدر ہے جیسے تو غلام کو بیچنے میں کہے کہ میں اس کے بھاگنے اور چوری کرنے میں بری ہوں اور رجل سارق چور قوم کے کسی فرد کو کہتے ہیں ۔ "
اصطلاحی مفہوم
امام راغب اصفہانی کے نزدیک سرقہ کی اصطلاحی تعریف یہ ہے
"السرقۃاخذ ما لیس لہاخذہفی خفاءِ وصار فی ذلک فی الشرع لتناول الشی ء من موضع مخصوص وقدرمخصوص۔" 107
"کسی چیز کو دوسرے سے خفیہ طور پر اور چھپا کر لے لینا اور اس کے بارے میں کہا جاتا ہے کسی چیز کو محفوظ جگہ سے مخصوص مقدار میں خفیہ طور پر لینا۔ "
چوری کی حرمت
اسلامی تعلیمات میں جس طرح ایک انسانی جان قیمتی سمجھی جاتی ہے ، اسی طرح اس کا مال...
The immune system also called as the defense system involves many different cells that work as soldiers in an individual. These immune cells provide protection against various pathogens. For better protection of an individual the immune systems has the ability to memorize or remember the pathogen. This ability is known as immunological memory. With the help of immunological memory the immune memory cells remember the antigen and are prepared if there is an encounter with the antigen in future. The immunological memory can be developed against certain strains with the help of different types of vaccines. Such types of vaccines that are currently being used to save lives are, Live attenuated vaccines, Toxoid vaccines, Subunit vaccines, Glyco-conjugated vaccines, and Killed/Inactivated vaccines. These vaccine show different efficiency. Hence, the immunological memory generated after a single vaccination may wear off with time. Multiple numbers of shots are required for the development of long term memory. All these types of vaccines vary from each other in their manufacturing and also in their mechanism of providing long term immunological memory. They show many pros and cons but their advantages are greater than their disadvantages. Thus, are preferred to be used for the betterment of mankind.
Phytochemical Analysis and Plant Mediated Nanoparticles Synthesis from Quercus Incana Traditional medicines play significant role as healers, in addition to the synthetic drugs, for different diseases. Plants form a significant part of traditional healing and hence, Quercus incana was chosen for nanoparticles synthesis, biological screening and phytochemical analysis to determine a scientific basis for the traditional use of this plant. The phytochemical screening was carried out using column chromatography (CC) followed by thin layer chromatography (TLC), identification and structure elucidation of pure compounds were done by using spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques (1D and 2D-NMR, IR, UV, Mass). Through phytochemical analysis, fourteen compounds were isolated, among them four compounds (decane-1, 1,4-triol [1], 4-hydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl) pentanoic acid [2], 2-(4-hydroxybutan-2-yl)-5-methoxyphenol [3], and 3-(2-hydroxy-4 methoxyphenyl) butane-1, 1-diol) [4] were new rare class of aliphatic alcohols and acids. Along these new compounds ten known compounds (Cirsimaritian [5], Eupatorin [6], b-amyrin [7], Betulin [8], Ursolic Acid [9], 3 β-hydroxy-30-Norlupan-20-one[10], 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate [11], β-Sitosteryl-D-glycoside [12], 1-Triacontanol [13], and 4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1, 2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile) [14], were isolated for the first time from Quercus incana except Ursolic Acid. Small sized, polydispersed gold nanoparticles were synthesized using all fractions of Quercus incana (n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-butanol, aqueous fraction) and isolated compound (b-amyrin). 4-Methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1, 2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile was used for the synthesis of monodispersed silver nanoparticles. Biological screening of extracts, nanoparticles and pure compounds showed tremendous results. All fractions of Quercus incana were analyzed for antioxidant activity, nitric oxide scavenging activity, total phenolic content and antimicrobial potential. Among all fractions, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions showed immense biological activities as these fractions may contain polyhydroxy compounds which contribute to the enhancement of activities. Synthesized nanoparticles were screened for antibacterial activity and it was found that extract xi loaded nanoparticles may be used as antibacterial agents by comparing it with crude extract. Crude extract was found inactive at low concentration whereas nanoparticles showed good activity against human pathogens. The unique properties of silver and gold nanoparticles have stimulated the increasing interest in the application of nanoparticles in interfacing biological recognition events with signal transduction and in designing biosensing devices exhibiting novel functions. The recognition behavior of nanoparticles were explored with different drugs and results showed that only Ag-NPs (4-methoxy-1-methyl-2-oxo-1, 2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile) had biosensing ability towards cephalexin. Isolated compounds were screened for anti-biofilm, cytotoxic and anticancer activity. Eupatorin, Cirsimaritin and β-Sitosteryl-D-glycoside showed good anti-biofilm activity which explored the medicinal use of these compounds in pharmaceutics as an anti-biofilm agent. A preliminary screening of natural product compounds was carried out against NCI-H460 (Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma) cell line. The compounds; 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate, Betulin, Eupatorin, and Cirsimaritin showed good anticancer activity. The compound, 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate was found more active anticancer agent against NCI-H460 cell line. Similarly, Cirsimaritin, 12-Oleanen-3yl acetate and Betulin showed good cytotoxic activity against NIH-3t3 (Normal Fibroblast) cell line.