منهج الوسطية لإمام الأشعري في علم الكلام

Although the Muslim theological schools have tried to relate their ideologies to the companions of the Prophet (Peace be upon him), the Asha’arah stressed upon this the most so as to ensure that their school of thought remains attached to the Sunni creed. Al- Ash’ari in his school and approach, always tried to keep the middle way between the Ḥanbali and M’utazili approaches, and tried to stay connected to the way of the Salaf or early generations. His moderation in approach lied in his accommodative attitude towards Sunnah as well as incorporating reason in his thought, whence he tried to avoid the two extremes followers by M’utazilah and Hanabilah, pure reason and pure tradition, in issues like God’s attributes, creation of Quran and others. The present paper tries to highlight the main features of Al- Ash’ari ’s moderate theological approach.

Effects of Teacher Turnover: A Case Study of a Private School

The contemporary educational theory holds that one of the pivotal causes of inadequate school performance is the inability of schools to adequately staff classrooms with qualified teachers. The contemporary theory also holds that these staffing problems are primarily due to shortages of teachers, which, in turn, are primarily due to the high rate of teacher turnover. This study set out to understand the effects of teacher turnover on a private secondary school in Pakistan that experiences chronic teacher turnover. The objective was to understand the impacts of teacher turnover on the school's working climate and ability to function effectively. Furthermore, I wanted to examine and understand the effects of the teacher turnover on students' learning and home-school relationships. The study sample was a representative of all the key stakeholders of the school including the principal, three teachers, two students, and a parent member. It was a case study conducted in the qualitative paradigm by using in-depth interviews and document analysis for data collection. From analysis of the data, six major themes emerge: First, the recruitment and retention of teachers is a challenge for the school. Second, it negatively affects the relationship between school, parents, and community. Third, it hinders the professional development of the teachers and instructional quality. Fourth, it creates obstacles for teamwork in the school. Fifth, it causes disruption in the continuity of curricula. Finally, it negatively impacts the social and academic development of the students. In addition to these key findings, some implications and recommendations have been drawn from the study. These may assist one in understanding and solving the problem of teacher turnover.