جعفری، سید علی سردار
اردو کا سردار چلا گیا
مدت سے اردو کا گلشن صیادوں اور گل چینوں کے نرغے میں ہے، بادِ حوادث بھی اس میں خاک اڑا کر اسے ویرانے میں تبدیل کرنے کے درپے ہے، اردو کے پرانے بادہ کش اٹھتے جارہے ہیں۔ ابھی مجروح ۱ سلطان پوری کے غم میں آنسو تھمے نہیں تھے کہ یکم اگست کو اردو کا بہت ممتاز اور قدر آور شخص بین الاقوامی شہرت کا حامل انقلابی شاعر، وسیع النظر ادیب و نقاد، اچھا مقرر و خطیب اور ترقی پسند تحریک کا میرکارواں، سید علی سردار جعفری بھی چل بسا۔ جس کے جانے سے اردو کی دلکش اور رنگارنگ گنگاجمنی تہذیب کا خاتمہ ہوگیا اور اردو دنیا میں ویرانی اور تاریکی چھاگئی، اردو والے بے قرار ہوکر کہہ رہے ہیں:
اس غم کی تلافی کیا ہوگی ، اس درد کا درماں کیا ہوگا
جناب سید علی سردار جعفری کے بزرگ ریاست بلرام پور میں اونچے عہدوں پر فائز تھے۔ اس لئے ان کا خاندان آگرہ سے بلرام پور چلا آیاتھا۔ یہیں نومبر ۱۹۱۳ء میں سردار کی ولادت ہوئی اور اعلیٰ تعلیم علی گڑھ مسلم یونیورسٹی میں ہوئی، وہ طلبہ کے لیڈر بھی رہے اس وقت ملک میں قومی اور سیاسی سرگرمیاں عروج پر تھیں، ہر طرف سرفروشان وطن نے انگریزوں کے خلاف پرچم بغاوت بلند کر رکھا تھا اور پورا ملک انقلاب کے نعروں اور آزادی کے ترانوں سے گونج رہا تھا۔ سردار بھی اقبال سہیل کا یہ رجز پڑھتے ہوئے، آزادی کے دیوانوں کے لشکر میں جاملے۔
قید غلامی و حیات ننگ ہے، ننگ کائنات
Mلعنتِ بندگی کے ساتھ صووت زندگی نہ دیکھ
Mپھاڑ کے جیب و آستیں کر علمِ جنوں بلند
Gعشق کے میرکارواں پرچم خسروی نہ دیکھ
~ ابتدا ہی سے وہ مارکس کے خیالات سے متاثر تھے...
One of the greatest epistemological accomplishments that Muslims have achieved is the establishment of an accurate system of deriving rulings from Sharia texts, which is known as ‘principles of jurisprudence’ or Usūl ul Fiq. Among the significant contents of these subject is dealing with the text which apparently contradicts to other basic principles of Islam or objectives of Sharī’ah. The job of a jurist becomes more significant and difficult in devising the judgments and interpreting the texts as reported by the fundamentalists: inquiring the validity of the texts, finding its weakness with respect to strong argument, and comparing them in terms of authenticity. Other times, he tries to reconcile between the contradictions by keeping in view a meaning consistent with Sharī’ah. The application of these principles gave birth to the variety and diversity of opinions on account of Ijtihād. Keeping in view the above preamble, the author addressed one of the famous Ahadith of Holy Prophet PBUH: “I have been ordered to fight against the people until they testify.”. This saying of Holy Prophet PBUH attracted Muslim thinkers in past and present to address its meanings and application. Likewise some related debate has emerged in the modern period as regards whether the term "people" in the hadith is used generically or specifically - forcing these people to Islam after defeating? The author in this context, addressed the terminology of hadith, its apparent contradiction with the principles of Sharī’ah, legal maxims, provisions, diverse interpretations, and added his own opinion. Descriptive and qualitative research approach was employed for the collection, demonstration and analysis of data.
The study analyzed the constraints faced by the farmers to rural credit by utilizing two household level data sets. The first survey Pakistan Rural Household Survey (PRHS) 2001 was utilized to study the purpose, source structure and utilization of rural credit and; the second which covered nearly 160 households from Sargodha District 2007 was used to calculate the demand and interest rate function by applying Heckman two stage procedures. The focus of this study was to find out the affect of credit constraints of institutional credit on consumption and production pattern of the rural farm households. After measuring the probability of being constrained used to study affect on consumption pattern of farmers who were credit constraint. The frontier production function was used to study the affect of credit constrained and un-constrained farmers. The analysis revealed that agricultural production loan was found as 45.8 percent. ZTBL was providing most of the loan to the farmers for their agricultural needs. The interest was ranging between 10 to 20 percent in all agro-climatic regions. The logit model was applied to determine the nominal interest rate and borrowing function of the farmers. The results showed that the transitory income, predicted interest rate, and farm size were significant. Credit constraints were determined by using Heckman’s two stage procedure. The results showed that the coefficient of education of male household was significant showing that education function as a facilitator to enter into credit market. The farmers faced many constraints namely: lower literacy rate, small and fragmented holdings, uneven access to agricultural extension and information and in ability to obtain adequate irrigation water, less access to agriculture credit institutions, and inequitable distribution of land and water. The results of the frontier production revealed that credit users and non credit users were allocatively inefficient, especially irrigation water. The mean technical efficiency of credit users was 90 and that of non-credit users was 79 percent, respectively. The high technical efficiency of credit users was attributed to better market access to the farmers to new technology through the availability of agricultural credit. The low level of technical efficiency of non-credit users as compared to credit users implied that potential for improvement exists. The high technical efficiency of credit users was safely attributed to credit availability through which farmers have an access to new technology. With respect to policy implication, the study suggested that development and dissemination of low cost and site-specific production technologies for the farmers. In this regard formation of Credit Assessment Bureaus for the risk assessment of the borrowers as it done in urban areas. Better dissemination of information and technology for improved decision making regarding use of credit.