المبحث الثالث:هل الشعر الحر نوعٌ من النثر؟
وھناک بعض الأدباء والشعراء اعتبروا الشعر الحر نوعاً من النثر وقالوا بأن معانیہ تافھۃ لا معنی لھا، والبعض قالوا بأن جذورھا وُجدَت في الموشحات الأندلسیۃ، وأن البند کان معروفاً ولکن أسلوبہ کان مجھولاً، ولم ینظمہ إلا شعراء العراق، ولکن نازک الملائکۃ استنکرت ھذا الشيء، وقالت أنھا لم تسمع بالبند قبل سنۃ 1953م۔ وقالت نازک الملائکۃ في موضع آخر عن الشعر الحر: "ولعل أبرز الأدلۃ علی أن الحرکۃ کانت ولیدۃ عصرنا ھذا، وأن أغلبیۃ قرائنا ما زالوا یستنکرونھا ویرفضونھا، وبینھم کثرۃ لا یستھان بھا تظن أن الشعر الحر لا یملک من الشعر إلا الإسم فھو نثر عادي لا وزن له" .
هل کانت حركة الشعر الحر قوية أ م لا ؟
ھذہ الحرکۃ الجدیدۃ(حرکۃ الشعر الحر) کانت قویۃ راسخۃ ثابتۃ متحمسۃ ولکن في بدایۃ الأمر کأي حرکۃ جدیدۃ زلّت وتخبطت ولکن بعد فترۃ من الزمن استکملت أسباب نضجھا فأصبحت حرکۃ مشھورۃ مستسلمۃ. وأخذت ھذہ الدعوۃ الشعریۃ الجدیدۃ تنتشر حتی کونت لنفسھا مکانۃ قویۃ، وبدأ بعض الشعراء الأفاضل یھجرون أسلوب الشطرین ویستعملون أسلوب الشطر.
أما نازک الملائکۃ فقد کانت ذکیۃ جداً، فبذکاءھا استطاعت أن تأخذ الریادۃ والمیزۃ المنفردۃ من بین الشعراء الأفاضل۔ فقد کانت واعیۃ وذات طموحات عالیۃ، قدمت نازک الملائکۃ الأدلۃ والبراھین حتی جعلت الشعراء والأدباء والنقاد والقراء أن یستسلموا لھذا الأمر۔
This study investigates the case of arbitration in the modern states in general and in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan in particular, as a self-binding, amicable mode of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR). It starts with arbitration’s meaning, history and evolutional background and discusses them as preliminaries and entrance to the main topic. The study debates Pakistani legislation on the subject, with special focus on the Arbitration Act, 1940. It examines the functioning of arbitration in Pakistani legal system, detects the flaws and areas of improvement therein, and most significantly, suggests proposals for required amendments in the relevant laws. In this connection, the equivocal nature of ADR provisions in some statutes other than Arbitration Act, has been specially highlighted. As per requirement of the Article 2(A) of the Constitution 1973, some inconsistencies of the laws on the subject with Sharī‘ah have also been traced. The issue of qualifications of arbitrators (hakams) has been detected as the main subject of inconsistency between law and Sharī‘ah, resulting in substantial and effective bearings. A similar inconsistency, comparatively with a lesser effect, has been noted in arbitration of family disputes regarding fixation of number of arbitrators and the hail from families of the disputing spouses. While investigating all these issues, an analytical-cum comparative strategy has been followed. The conclusion contains a concise brief on comparison between Sharī‘ah and law on the subject and a package of proposed amendments in the gray areas.
The Endoparasitoid Aenasius bambawalei Hayat (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) has been synonymized with Aenasius arizonensis (Girault) (Hymenoptera, Encyrtidae) in 2014. It is a newly emerged parasitoid of mealybug Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley (Hemiptera, Pseudococcidae) and it has been found an efficient insect control tool. There is little information available on parasitoid origin factors responsible for modulation of mealybug physiology. Parasitoid’s venom contains biologically active proteins that have potential applications in pest management, some of them also have medicinal importance but venom components of A. arizonensis have not been studied yet. Venom glands tissues of A. tarizonensis were used for transcriptomic study and transcriptomic database was developed by using high throughput RNA sequencing approaches using Illumina Technology. The transcriptomic data of A. arizonensis venom glands was analysed by utilizing high throughput sequencing Illumina technology and de novo assemblies were constructed, containing 30,267,259 sequences reads which yielded 30,154,362 contigs and 8,507 unigenes which had significant BLAST homologies n the NR database. The database sequences showed homology to 2666 Nasonia vitripennis genes, 2065 Copidosoma floridanum genes, 1660 Ceratosolen solmsi genes, 1598 Trichogramma pretiosum genes and 1192 Cerapachys biroi genes. Further analysis was performed by selecting some genes encoding venom proteins which are potentially involved in the disruption of host immune system, developemental arrest and host paralysis. Sequenced mRNAs predicted to encode full length ORFs of Calreticulin, Arginine kinase and serine protease precursor proteins were identified, and tissue specific expression of these putative venom proteins was performed by RT-PCR which reveals that venom genes were not only exclusively expressed in venom tissues but also conserved in all carcasses of the parasitoid species. Application of crude venom and expressed proteins on cultured cell lines showed valuable results for understanding that there are paralytic factors in parasitoid venom which cause cell death. Whereas in functional analysis of microinjections, venom treated with heat and proteinase showed non-significant mortality which suggests that bioactive components of the crude venom were proteins which lost their biological activities upon heat treatments. Additionally, results also demonstrated that transcriptome de novo assembly allows useful venom gene expression analysis in species lacking genome sequence database which ultimately provide useful information for devising control tools for insect pest. This work also contributes to the understanding of the molecular and physiological bases of host parasitoid interaction in insects that may provide an unexplored resource for diverse biotechnological application and useful information for entomologists seeking to devise sustainable control strategies for cotton mealybug.