کتب سماویہ اور انسانی فکر کا ارتقاء ایک علمی و تحقیقی جائزہ

Allah has created human being and gave him the power of intellectual understandings. To utilize and make positive use of this Allah sent Holy books for guidance. While, keeping the sequence of these books and the historical evolution of human mind, one can easily recognize the symmetrical progress in both. Human starts living in caves and through his intelligence created homes to live, tools to gain meal, and so on, till todays growth. As far as, evolution of Holy books is considered, Scriptures were revealed in different portions as human at that stage couldn’t write or store on pages or another source. Old Testament was revealed earlier. It is combination of Torah, Psalms and other books. In the context of Islam, Torah was the first book revealed on Hazrat Mosa, in which commandments were given as per the level of Bani Israel. Afterwards, Psalms, containing poetic way inspires Bani Israel after the Torah and the Bible Last Holy book in the generation of Israel, comprises of observational and experiential way, as required in that era. Holy Quran, compiled and final version of all the past version, is summary and elemental book. In which, descriptive, observational, experiential, poetic, logical, argumentative and comprehensive technique are present. These all shows, ultimate intellectual growth of human is being address in Holy Quran. As Human is now intellectually at its peak so the teaching and techniques used are at highest level of literature, showing the step by step evolution and association of Holy books with Human being.

Estimation of Wind Energy in Meteorologically Unobserved Area of Sindh, Pakistan and its Impacts

Generation of electricity by wind energy is playing an important role to reduce environmental pollution; comparatively low cost with unlimited source of energy makes it more attractive. Present research work has been carried out considering these aspects which have serious negative impacts on environment and economy. This study presents mapping of wind speed over the province of Sindh (Pakistan) using spatial interpolation of wind speed data. Spatial distribution of monthly wind speed was found largely influenced by topography. It is to be noted that there is no research recorded relative to the interpolation methods in wind speed data of Sindh region. The purpose of this study is to predict the wind potential for meteorologically unobserved area of Sindh( Pakistan) to predict the feasibility of electricity generation. In the present research, for modeling nineteen different locations were selected. Four year wind speed data for Sindh, recorded by meteorological department of Pakistan, is used in this study. This study emphasized on deriving a gridded dataset of monthly wind speed from wind station observations with deeper analysis of the influence of topography on wind speed in Sindh. Three interpolation methods have been compared, that is Inverse Distance weighting (IDW), Radial Basis Function (RBF) and Residual Kriging (RK). A detailed study of relation between wind speed and different topographical factors, such as elevation, slope, latitude and longitude, it was revealed that, the correlation between latitude, longitude and wind speed is most appropriate. Regression model is used to remove the trend in spatial distribution of wind speed. The residuals are then interpolated onto a regular grid using, Kriging. Error analysis is performed by cross-validation. The residual Kriging procedure is found to be an excellent method compared to IDW or RBF methods, with RMSE error) and R 2 (root mean squared (correlation coefficient) values showing outstanding results. The Residual Kriging was chosen to interpolate the monthly wind speed in unobserved areas of Sindh. All the work has been done in GIS(Geographic information systems) and interpolation techniques . In order to test the applicability and benefit of the model, a case study has been discussed with three main issues, that is, the energy generation, environmental benefits and economical aspects.This research has provided a valuable information to decide best available interpolation method as well as most suitable site for wind farmind.