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بے انتہا حمد و ثنااس خالقِ ارض و سما کے لیے جس نے مجھے عقلِ سلیم اور فہم و فراست کی دولت سے مالا مال کیااورجس نے مجھے لفظوں سے کھیلنے کی قوت اور ملکہ بخشا۔کروڑوںدرود و سلام اس نبی ﷺ کی بارگاہِ بے کس پناہ میں کہ جنہوں نے انسانیت کو جہالت کی تاریکیوںسے نکال کر علم کی روشنی سے متعارف کروایا۔
اس حقیقت سے انکار نہیں کیا جاسکتا کہ تحقیق انتہائی کٹھن امر ہے۔اس کتاب کی تکمیل کے دوران اگرچہ مجھے کئی دشواریوں کا سامنا کرنا پڑا،کئی بار میرے قدم بھی ڈگمگائے مگراس وقت میرے شفیق استاد ڈاکٹر مشتاق عادل صاحب نے اس مشکل کام میںمیری رہنمائی کی اورمجھے آبلہ پائی کی مشقتوں سے بچائے رکھا اور اپنی مصروفیات سے قیمتی وقت نکال کر ہر لحاظ سے میری مدد کی۔
میںممنون ہوںاپنے والدین کی کہ جن کی حوصلہ افزائی سے مجھے تقویت ملتی رہی۔تحقیق کے دوران اکثر شب بیداری والدہ کی نیند میں خلل کا باعث بنی مگر انہوں نے کبھی اس کی شکایت نہیں کی، انتہائی معذرت کے ساتھ ان کی شکرگزار ہوں۔ اپنے اہل خانہ کابھی شکریہ ادا کرتی ہوں کہ انہوںنے میرے حوصلے کو قائم رکھا۔ میری تحقیقی سرگرمیوںکے دوران انہوں نے میری گھریلو ذمہ داریوں میں تخفیف کو خندہ پیشانی سے قبول کیا۔ میںبالخصوص اپنے والدمحترم کی تہہ دل سے شکرگزار ہوں جنہوں نے اس کتاب کی مکمل پروف ریڈنگ کی۔ انگلش او اردو پر ان کا مکمل عبور میری تحریر کے مختلف گوشوں میں آپ کو واضح جھلکتا نظر آئے گا۔ان کی رہنمائی کے بغیر یہ کام میرے لیے انتہائی کٹھن تھا۔
میں یونیورسٹی آف سیالکوٹ اور اپنے شعبہ کے اساتذہ ڈاکٹر یاسمین کوثر،میڈم ماریہ بلال، ڈاکٹر یوسف اعوان اورڈاکٹر عامر اقبال کاشکریہ ادا کرتی ہوں جن کی شفقت اور حوصلہ افزائی کے باعث میرا یہ تحقیقی کام...
Pakistan’s involvement in the US war on terrorism was a tragic decision. No option was left for the ruling elite of Pakistan except to join the global war on terrorism and to take a U-turn from the support of Taliban’s regime in Afghanistan which was duly recognized by Pakistan’s government in 1996. It was expected by the policy-makers of the US that the alliance with Pakistan would provide extraordinary strength in combating the Al-Qaeda and other affiliated conglomerates in Afghanistan as well as in borderland area. However, after fifteen years of war, the alliance has enfeebled despite their mutual understanding regarding the objectives envisaged in the Strategic Partnership. The war on terrorism has now been escalated from Afghanistan to Pakistan and it has provided space to religious extremism, militancy, intolerance, ethnic division and sectarianism. There is no denial to the fact that religious extremism and terrorism are common threat and have damaged both the countries yet Pakistan has sacrificed more than the US in terms of human and material loss. Nevertheless, blame game and trust deficit is on the rise from both sides. This article focuses first on the joint ventures that the US and Pakistan mutually initiated to curb militant bloodbath in Afghanistan as well as in the border region. Secondly, it will explore factors responsible for increasing trust deficit between the partners. The study will not only provide deep understanding about the prevailing issues between Pakistan and the US but will also give true pictures to streamline the methodology for negotiating with each other in future.
Mycotoxins are toxic natural food contaminants, mostly produced by moulds of genera Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium. Cereal grains are the most susceptible food material amenable to contamination by mycotoxins. Current study adopted a multiprong approach to develop a better understanding of this major public health concern as well as devise strategies for management and control of cereal mycotoxin contamination. Initially, a comprehensive screening for aflatoxins and ochratoxin-A in various cereals from Pakistan was conducted. The results showed that 43% of samples were found contaminated with Aflatoxins. Furthermore, multi-mycotoxin contamination profile of Pakistani cereals (rice, maize and wheat) has shown prevalence of aflatoxins, trichohecence, fumonisins, zearalenone, sterigmatocystin, roquefortin-c and ochratoxin-A in cereals. The study examined the reduction of 35-51% of AFB1 during cooking of cereals following typical Pakistani recipes. The dietary exposure values for aflatoxins have exceeded the tolerable daily intake at all levels. The margin of exposure of AFB1 was remarkably lower than the recommended safe limits. The mean cancer risk values for adults and children were 0.1613 and 0.266 cancer cases/year /105, respectively. Surveillance of aflatoxins (AFs) contamination in different maize varieties can contribute to the identification of susceptible and resistant varieties, particularly for cultivation in the Pakistani agro-climatic environment. Among tested five short-season maize varieties (Pioneer, Neelam, DK-919, Desi and Hi-Corn), maximum aflatoxin levels were found in Desi (14.5±0.02 μg/kg), while Hi-corn variety demonstrated significant resistance to A. flavus and aflatoxin contamination. Myco-flora from contaminated cereal posing high risk (rice) was isolated and identified. Among the five isolated fungal genera, Aspergillus was found to be the most dominant genus. Eight essential oils were studied to inhibit A. flavus and its toxigenic potential associated with rice. The essential oils of Cuminum cyminum and Eucalyptus citriodora exhibit the maximum anti-fungal and anti-aflatoxigenic activity. The study also investigated that 71-88% of aflatoxin B1 degraded in real food medium at minimum xvii thickness (2mm) of sample exposed to UV-light after 4 hr and 48 hr of sun light. The toxicity of degraded products was much less than that of untreated samples. This study will contribute significantly to manage the mycotoxin problem in Pakistani foodstuffs.