تبصرے
"گونجتی سر گوشیاں"کی گونج
نعمان نذیر
دور حاضر میں تانیثی تھیوری،تانیثی تنقید غالب مو ضوعات میں سے ہے۔ جس کی بنیاد زیادہ تر ایک رواج عام کی سی بن گئی ہے ۔بہت غیر متعلقہ موضوعات اور بحثوں کو تانیثیت کے ساتھ جوڑا جارہا ہے۔ یہ تو رہی صورتحال تنقید کی۔اب تخلیق کی بات کی جائے تو یہ بات بھی قابل غور ہے کہ ہمارے ہاں اس ضمن میں تخلیقات کی صورتحال کیا ہے؟ خوین قلم کار اپنے آپ کو مردوں کے قائم کردہ ڈسکورس سے باہر نکالنے میں کامیاب ہوئی ہیں؟اور اس کا جواب ہاں میں ہے تو اس سے بھی اہم سوال یہ ہے کہ اس بندش کو توڑنے کی نوعیت کیا ہے؟کیا وہ محض ضد کا رویہ رکھے ہوئے ہیں اور عورت کا بیان ایسی صورتحال میں کر رہی ہیں جو عورت کے استحصال پہ ختم ہو ساتھ ہو ہو یا واقعی اپنی ذات یا ہم جنسوں کے جذبات کی عکاسی کرتی دکھائی دیتی ہیں۔محض عورت کے ساتھ ہونے والے استحصال کے بیان کا نام ہی تانیثی شعور نہیں،کہ اس کی مظلو میت کی داستانیں رقم کر کے ہمدردی کے وقتی جذ بات وصول کر ے بلکہ اس کردار کو ایک مکمل کردار گروپ میں بھی دکھانا چاہیے کہ ان کو پڑھ کہ روایتی لا چارگی کے بجائے ہمت کی مثال بھی قائم ہو۔
اردو افسانے کا شمار اردو کی اہم اصناف میں ہوتا ہے دور حاضر میں اس کی اہمیت اور بھی بڑھ گئی ہے۔جہاں انسان کے پاس خود کے لئے بھی وقت نہیں ہے۔خواتین قلم کاروں نے بھی اس میں اہم اضا فے کیے ہیں۔ اسی تناظر میں اپنی نوعیت کی ایک منفرد تحریر ''گونجتی سرگوشیاں'' کے نام سے منظر عام پر آئی۔ اس کتاب میں سات...
Translations have a prominent role in the advancement of science and literature for any people. By which sciences and arts move from the literature of one nation to the literature of another nation, in which sciences and arts flourish, and a nation becomes acquainted with the literature of another nations. Translation is an independent art, as it depends on creativity, linguistic sense and the ability to bring cultures closer, and it enables all mankind to communicate and benefit from each other's experiences. It is an art as old as written literature. Translation is a cultural necessity and an intellectual activity, and it extends bridges of communication between civilizations that converge and diverge among themselves, and their languages are similar and differ in ways of expression and methods of statement and expression of ideas, feelings and attitudes, and in the worldview and understanding of its concepts. There is no doubt that translation it is a complex linguistic process that requires lengthy anchors, as the queen of the two tongues is acquired only by a lot of practice, in addition to the systematic study of the mechanisms of transmission from one tongue to another. We also see in the modern era that the Arab Scientific Academy in Damascus, the Arabic Language Academy in Cairo and the Iraqi Scientific Academy have a clear and prominent role in the advancement of Arabic sciences and literature. The Scientific Academy in Damascus has established the Arabic language and its terminology, and the language of bureaucracies, in particular, with the help of authors and translators in particular, and the Academy of the Arabic Language in Cairo, which has made efforts in developing the great linguistic lexicon and terminology of modern sciences.
This work presents new results regarding the behavior of some non-Newtonian fluids into different circumstances. After some preliminaries regarding constitutive equations, motion equations and integral transforms, new exact solutions for the ve- locity field and the shear stress corresponding to some flows with technical relevance have been established for ordinary second grade, Oldroyd-B fluids and generalized Maxwell fluids. Just as in the case of Navier-Stokes fluids, it is necessary to develop a large class of exact and approximate solutions, they serving as tests to verify nu- merical schemes that are developed to study complex unsteady flow problems. In chapter 2, by means of the Laplace transform, there are established new exact solutions corresponding to the first problem of Stokes for Oldroyd-B fluids. These solutions, in accordance with the previous results obtained using Fourier sine trans- form, can be easily specialized to give similar solutions for Maxwell fluids. The main aim of chapter 3 was to solve a very important problem, namely to determine the re- quired time to reach the steady-state for the second problem of Stokes corresponding to second grade fluids. In addition to solve this problem we also found new exact so- lutions for this problem. Our solutions, unlike the solutions obtained by Erdogan for Newtonian fluids, are written as a sum between steady state and transient solutions. Chapter 4 contains exact solutions for the unsteady flow of an Oldroyd-B fluid between two side walls perpendicular to a plate. In the absence of side walls the obtained solutions tend to the similar solutions for the flow over a flat plate (the first problem of Stokes). The influence of the pertinent parameters on the velocity of the fluid at the middle of the channel as well as on the shear stress on the bottom is underlined by graphical illustrations. In chapter 5, by means of Laplace and Hankel transforms, we obtained the solutions for unsteady flow of a generalized Maxwell fluid between two circular cylinders. These solutions, presented as a sum of the Newtonian solutions and the non-Newtonian contributions, can be easily specialized to give the similar solutions for ordinary Maxwell fluids. Finally, the influence of the pertinent parameters on the velocity of the fluid are also underlined by graphical illustrations.