مولانا معین الدین اجمیری
دوسرا حادثۂ وفات حضرت مولانا معین الدین اجمیری کاہے جو ۱۰ محرم الحرام ۱۳۵۹ھ کواجمیرمیں پیش آیا۔مولانا کی ذات ہندوستان کے علماء میں ایک نمایاں مقام رکھتی تھی وہ علم وعمل دونوں کے پیکر تھے۔منطق وفلسفہ میں ان کومولانا ابوالبرکات ٹونکی مرحوم سے تلمذ خاص حاصل تھا، لیکن عام علماء منطق وفلسفہ کے برخلاف وہ دینیات اورعلوم قرآن وحدیث میں بھی درخور وافر رکھتے تھے۔اجمیر میں کتاب وسنت کی روشنی جو کچھ نظر آتی ہے اُنہی کے دم سے قائم تھی۔پھر طرفہ یہ ہے کہ وہ صرف ارباب درس وتدریس اوراصحاب وعظ وارشاد میں سے ہی نہ تھے بلکہ اُن کاشمار اُن ابطال عزیمت وحریت میں تھا جواعلاء کلمۃ اﷲ کی خاطر کانٹوں سے بھری ہوئی راہ کو دیکھ کر دل میں ذراخوف وہراس محسوس نہیں کرتے، اور ’’دل خوش ہواہے راہ کوپُرخار دیکھ کر‘‘پڑھتے ہوئے اُسے اپنے لیے’’تختہ گل‘‘ جان کربے خوف وخطر عبورکرجاتے ہیں اور’’بخاک وخون غلطیدن‘‘کو’’عاشقان پاک طینت‘‘کاشیوۂ خوش یقین کرنے کے باعث دست قاتل کے لیے اُن کی زبان سے بکمال خندہ پیشانی احسنت ولبیک کانعرہ بیساختہ نکل جاتاہے ۔وہ جمعیتہ علماء ہند کے سرگرم کارکن تھے، اُنہوں نے اس مجلس کے سالانہ اجلاس امروہہ کی صدارت اُس پُرآشوب زمانہ میں کی جبکہ ہندوستان کشمکش حریت و آمریت کی طوفان خیزیوں کے باعث ایک نہایت ہی خطرناک دور سے گذر رہا تھا اورجبکہ ملک میں عام داروگیر نے سخت اضطراب وہیجان پیداکررکھا تھا وہ اپنے عزائم میں پہاڑ کی طرح مضبوط تھے۔جرم حریت کوشی کی پاداش میں جیل خانہ بھی گئے لیکن علالت کے باوجود ان سب تکلیفوں کوہنسی خوشی برداشت کرگئے اوران کی جبین استقلال وہمت مایوسی وخوف کی ایک شکن سے بھی آشنا نہیں ہوئی۔ مسلمانوں میں جوقحط الرجال پایا جاتاہے، اُس کے پیش نظر مولانا ایسے جامع کمالات اورپیکر علم وعمل کاسانحۂ مرگ یقینا بہت زیادہ...
The life of Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) is described as role model in Holy Quran for all the Muslims and known as Uswa.e. Hasna. So, the importance of the life history of the Holy Prophet (peace be upon him) in every period before prophet hood and as a prophet cannot be denied in any walk of life. But the makki period of the Prophet’s life has not enlightened in such a way as it has importance. Many aspects of makki period has been discussed in history and seerah writing but along with this a lot of aspects has been not given due importance in contemporary seerah writing. The basic sources of hadith o seerah provides lots of material on this aspect. In the makki period, Muslims were in minority and they had to face a lot of religious, social, economic and political issues in their lives. Now a days, in modern world majority of Muslims lives in western and non. Muslim societies and have to spend their lives as minority in that socities. In a state of minority, they have to face a lot of religious, social and economical issues in their lives. These problems can be solved in the light of seerah especially from the teachings of makki period, it can provide a lot of religious solutions in contemporary societies in a better way. This article will throw light on teachings of makki period and discuss the solutions of Muslim’s problems as minority in the light of fiqh. Ul. Seerah.
The primary aim of this work was to synthesize and develop room temperature ferromagnetism in un-doped and transition metals (TMs) doped In2O3 nanoparticles and to study the structural, optical and magnetic properties of these samples with the view to understand the origin of intrinsic ferromagnetism. We first optimize the synthesis process for getting our nanoparticles. Subsequent annealing at elevated temperature then yield high quality crystallized samples for further characterization. The latter comprises a detailed and systematic study on the effects of particle size and dopant concentration on the structural, electronic, optical and magnetic properties of the samples. The studied samples were (i) different sizes of In2O3 nanoparticles (5, 15, 24 nm and bulk), (ii) Sn+4 doped In1.96-xFe0.04SnxO3 (x = 0.005, 0.01, 0.015, 0.02 and 0.025), Fe doped In2O3. X-ray diffraction confirms the formation of single phase in all In2O3 nanoparticles and bulk counterpart. The bigger size nanoparticle and bulk were found to be nonmagnetic whereas ferromagnetic ordering with a TC above room temperature is found in the sample having smallest particle size. The optical band gap of these nanoparticles as estimated by UV-Vis optical spectroscopy is found to be increasing with decreasing particle size. The observed correlation between magnetic and XPS lead to the conclusion that the observed size induced ferromagnetism in In2O3 nanoparticles has its origin in increasing number of oxygen vacancies with decreasing particle size. Room temperature resistivity also found to be consistent with the magnetic and optical data i.e., the stabilization of ferromagnetism with decreasing particle size is accompanied with a significant enhancement in conductivity. With co-doping of Sn4+ ions in In1.96-xFe0.04SnxO3 (x ≤ 2.5%) the moment found to vary non-monotonically with increasing x. The XPS of Fe 2p core level indicate the presence of mixed Fe ionic state. In other words, as the Sn concentration increases, Fe +2 begins to appear in dominant Fe+3 state. This result is consistent with the observed strong decrease both in electron concentration and ferromagnetic moment. Thus, the presence of Sn appears play crucial role for stabilizing ferromagnetic order via decreasing the carrier concentration by reducing Fe3+ to Fe2+. All of our results are explained within the framework of defect mediated ferromagnetism in wide band gap semiconductors. In this picture, Fe+ exchange mechanism in pure In2O3 nanoparticles and spin split impurity (defect) band states in Sn4+ doped In1.96-xFe0.04SnxO3 nanoparticles are responsible for monotonic moment along with the formation of spin polarons. The particle nature of the samples may enhance the density of states and leading to a fulfillment of the Stoner criteria. Thus, the key to ferromagnetism in our samples is the presence of the oxygen vacancies. The latter serve as n-type defects and create states within the band gap. The transition metal ions provide the required electrons sin order to fix the position of the Fermi level.