آداب الحوار في القرآن الكريم والسنة النبوية صلى الله عليه وسلم

Human beings are innately filled with prejudices and biases. Interaction of these biases and building alternative views involve dexterous efforts. The dialogue approach could be thought of as positive disposition to others which encourages the virtues of neighborliness, friendship and mutual trust and caring. The current paper discusses the importance of dialogue in every field of life, if there is any misunderstanding or controversies among individuals, communities, societies, and religions. Islam has emphasized on the dialogue for resolving the misconceptions. The present study defines dialogue literally and technically by denoting its legitimacy from primary sources of the Islamic Law. The present study mani-fests the differences of several terms relevant to dialogue such as Jidal and Munazarah. It also denotes some illustrations of dialogue from the Holy Qur’an and Ahadith of the Holy Prophet (PBUH).  The main focus of the article is on the ethics of dialogue in the light of Qur’an and Sunnah including the conditions and qualifications of a person, who is capable for dialogue in accordance attributes prescribes by Shari‘ah. The conversation must be in a good environment and usage of the words, phrases, and statements have much more importance in the success of a perfect dialogue. The research concludes that an expert and competent person should be selected for such dialogues and recommends that such scholars should be trained in developing strong communication and debating skills in every situation.

Taxonomic Studies of Late-Miocene Artiodactyls Mammalia from Northern Pakistan

This study provides new assemblages of artiodactyls at the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene sites of Northern Pakistan. The Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of Pakistan has produced a rich artiodactyl fauna. The new fossils include the cranial material of artiodactyls. The diverse material presents taxonomy of artiodactyl from the Middle Siwaliks of Pakistan.The assemblages of artiodactyls from the Middle Siwalik Subgroup are dominated by the presence of the bovids. The taxa are consistent with a Late Miocene-Early Pliocene age of the deposits. More than 270 artiodactyl specimens were described in this dissertation from the Middle Siwalik Subgroup of Pakistan. Some of the specimens are reported for the first time of the Siwalik Group. The collected material comes from Padhri, Hasnot, Bhandar and Dhok Gojri of district Jhelum, Khokhar Zair, Sethi-Nagri, Dhok Pathan and Naraggi of district Chakwal, and Dhok Mila and Kaulial Kas of district Attock of Northern Pakistan. The recovered assemblage document thirty species with twenty one genera and six families of artiodactyls viz. Bovidae, Cervidae, Tragulidae, Giraffidae, Suidae and Anthracotheridae. The specimens are classified on the basis of morphometric features of the material from the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of the Siwalik Group. This faunal list may be compared with that of other Late Miocene localities of the Siwaliks. The artiodactyl remains increasingly indicate both taxonomic and adaptive diversity. The bovids exist in open habitats during the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of the Siwalik Group. The tragulids present in densely-forested areas and a humid and warm climate with low seasonality. The primitive cervines are inhabited woodland or open country, not closed forest. The suids occupy probably savana like environment. The anthracotheriids adopt an amphibious way of life. Most of these taxa indicate a predominance of woodland to savannah habitats with pockets of humid forested areas during the Late Miocene-Early Pliocene of the Siwalik Group.