منهجية الاشتقاق في اللغة العربية

Language is the identity of a nation, a region and a territory, which serves as a link between the people of that nation and territory. On the other hand, it causes unity, uniformity, brotherhood and love. That’s why study of language has been the subject of conversation of scholars and researchers from the very first day. Wherever human beings exist on this earth planet, there are languages with their noun, verb, preposition and its sub kinds i. E. Present, past and future tense, subject, Object and pronoun. A complete structure of language is founded upon which the learned men have made valuable contribution in various decades. Survival and development of these languages owe to the efforts of these learned people. The current research study is also an effort in which discussion has been made with reference to Arabic language. Arabic is the fourth largest language of the world. It is spoken and understood in Saudi Arabia, U. A. E, Egypt, Syria, Iraq, Iran, Jordon and Morocco. 3 The Universities all over the world, particularly those Universities which have leading role in the present time, not only adopt Arabic Language as medium of instruction but are not second to the Arabs in respect of Arabic Language. The present article discusses the one aspect of this historical grand language namely “derivation”. What is the source of derivation in the Arabic Language? How words are formed and how they are refined. What are different theories regarding derivation. This article is an effort to explain all these aspects

Effectiveness of Performance Appraisal System: A Proposed Model With Empirical Evidence from the Government Employees of Punjab, Pakistan

Effectiveness of Performance Appraisal System: A Proposed Model with Empirical Evidence from the Government Employees of Punjab, Pakistan The main purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness of performance appraisal system used for government employees in school education department of Punjab, Pakistan and to propose a model of performance appraisal that highlights the importance of leader-member exchange in determining performance appraisal reactions (performance appraisal fairness and performance appraisal satisfaction). This study is grounded in the concepts extracted from, but not limited to, social exchange theory by Homans (1958), leader-member exchange theory by Graen and Uhl-Bien, (1995) and organizational justice theory by Greenberg (1987). The proposed model posits that leader-member exchange influences performance appraisal reactions which in turn influence the effectiveness of performance appraisal system. Thus, performance appraisal reactions are believed to mediate the influence of leader-member exchange on effectiveness of performance appraisal system. The study was a cross sectional quantitative study in which survey approach was used for data collection. The data were collected through closed ended questionnaires to elicit the perceptions of dyad: 557 principals (raters) and 557 teachers (ratees) using the proportionate random sampling. The study concluded that according to ratees’ perceptions, effectiveness of performance appraisal system is dependent on leader-member exchange. Moreover, performance appraisal reactions link the levels of leader-member exchange and effectiveness of performance appraisal system. The conclusion drawn in this study was confirmed by taking aggregated leader-member exchange and found that effectiveness of performance appraisal system is dependent on the level of aggregated leader-member exchange. The present study contributes greatly in the field of appraisal research in that it is an attempt to develop a comprehensive model to measure the effectiveness of performance appraisal considering the social context of performance appraisal and appraisal reactions. The researcher has used the two levels of analysis to get the clear picture of leader-member exchange through ratees’ and aggregated perceptions of ratees and raters. Hence, the concerned authorities can pay more attention to developing a more comprehensive system where reactions are catered to.