کشتیوں سے اتر نہ جائیں کہیں
لوگ طوفان سے ڈر نہ جائیں کہیں
زندگی ہے کہ آگ کا دریا
شدت غم سے مر نہ جائیں کہیں
جن کو ظلمت نے باندھ رکھا ہے
چاندنی میں بکھر نہ جائیں کہیں
روک اشکوں کو اب سر مژگاں
یہ بھی حد سے گزر نہ جائیں کہیں
آؤ لکھ لیں لہو سے عہد وفا
قول سے ہم مکر نہ جائیں کہیں
ان کی یادوں کے زخم اے عالمؔ
وقت سے پہلے بھر نہ جائیں کہیں
It is no coincidence that the researcher in history, especially the history
of the Algerian revolution, finds a missing link in the history of the Algerian
revolution, which we call the history of what history has neglected.
Intentionally, or unintentionally, the archives of Algeria in France, Pax-
Provence, or others, or even with some Algerian families, who still hide their
archives from researchers? a question that the Algerian researcher will
answer to show the truth with documents. Similar to this document, which
deals with a topic, in which scientific material was scarce, which is related
to the revolution’s strategy to abort and eliminate French projects, the
strategy of the National Liberation Army to adapt to the situation consisted
in sabotaging French transportation routes, especially railways, in order to
destroy France’s economy as well as When she wanted to isolate the people
from their revolution, by building barbed wire at the level of the East and
West.
The work reported here deals with the bio-assay guided isolation of secondary metabolites from Cestrum nocturnum (leaves) and Cestrum diurnum (leaves and berries). First part of the dissertation deals with the biological activities of different parts of the selected plants while second part describes the purification and characterization of the isolated constituents. Shade dried plant material was extracted with methanol. The concentrated methanolic extract was fractionated with n-hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and iso-butanol and extractive values determined. All the collected extracts were screened for anti-bacterial, anti-fungal, anti-oxidant and anti-leishmanial activities. The anti-oxidant experiment was also conducted with all the parts. Crude extract of aerial part of C. nocturnum displayed 57 % antioxidant activity while one of its isolated fractions (ethyl acetate) displayed a maximum of 67 % antioxidant activity. Similarly, the crude extract of aerial parts of CD i.e., aerial part without fruit, green fruit, ripe fruit, exhibited 86, 81 and 90 % antioxidant activities respectively. The hexane fraction of CD green fruit showed higher antioxidant potential (87 %) than its crude methanolic extract. Due to our interest in saponins for further studies, they were selectively isolated and processed in the same way for antioxidant activities in crude form from both the plants. The highest antioxidant activity was found with the CD ripe fruit CS extract (90 %) while the least one was with both the aerial parts of the two plants (approx. 80 %). The results obtained with nine microbial strains were moderate. S. typhii was the most resistant strain. On the average gram positive bacteria showed good zone of inhibition with Cestrum diurnum. Gram negative strains showed good results mostly with Cestrum nocturnum. The crude saponins extracts of berries were the most active giving zone of inhibition in the range of 8.5-15mm. Incredible anti-leishmanial activities are being reported for the selected plants. All the plant extracts exhibited hundred percent inhibition of the leishmania parasite. Second part of the thesis deals with the isolation and purification of the secondary metabolites of C. nocturnum and C. diurnum. Hum-V isolated from C. nocturnum was characterised using different spectroscopic techniques as (25R)- spirost-5ene-2,3-diol, [2α, 3β] 3-O-{β-Dglucopyranosyl (1→4)-β-D-glucopyranosyl (1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl{(1→4)-β-Dxylopyranosyl] (1→4)-β-D-galactopyranoside). It was reported as nocturnoside A. Another reported compound was also purified and characterized as karatavoiside A, spirost-5-ene-2,3-diol [2α, 3β,25R], 3-O- [β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→2)] {-β-Dxylopyranosyl( 1→3)-β-D-glucopyranosyl(1→4)}-β-D-galactopyranoside. A new compound isolated from the same specie, elucidated as 3-O-β-D-xylopyranoside-olean- 12-en-28-oic acid-28-O-β-arabinopyranosyl-(1-3)-β-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-2)- β-Lglucopyranosyl-( 1-4)- β-L-glgucopyranosyl ester.