مولانا سید اسعد مدنی ؒ
افسوس صد افسوس کہ ۶؍ فروری کو مولانا اسعد مدنی نے داعی اجل کو لبیک کہا، اناﷲ وانا الیہ راجعون، ان کی وفات قوم و ملت کا بڑا خسارہ ہے۔
راقم نے انہیں کئی بار دیکھا اور اس حال میں دیکھا جب وہ صحت مند، توانا، تروتازہ، متحرک اور جوش عمل سے سر شار تھے لیکن ملاقات کا شرف دو تین بار ہی حاصل ہوا، مارچ ۱۹۸۸ء میں ان کے والد بزرگوار مولانا سید حسین احمد مدنیؒ پر مسجد عبدالنبی نئی دہلی میں سمینار ہوا تھا جس کے کنویز ڈاکٹر رشید الوحیدی مرحوم تھے، اس میں پہلی بار ان سے شرف نیاز حاصل ہوا، بڑی بشاشت اور گرم جوشی سے ملے، آخری بار ۱۹۹۲ء میں سعودی سفارت خانے سے حج بیت اﷲ کا ویزا لینے گیا تو دفعتاً ان پر نظر پڑی، لپک کر ملا، دریافت کرنے پر اپنے کو بتایا تو قریب کی کرسی پر بیٹھنے کے لیے کہا اور کچھ دیر تک باتیں کیں، غالباً بیماریوں کا سلسلہ شروع ہوچکا تھا، اس لیے مجھے بہت مضمحل اور بجھے بجھے سے نظر آئے۔
مولانا اسعد صاحب ۵؍ نومبر ۲۰۰۵ء کو وہیل چیئر سے گرگئے، سر اور دماغ میں چوٹ آئی، عصر کی نماز کی تیاری کررہے تھے کہ بے ہوش ہوگئے اور دہلی کے اپولو اسپتال میں داخل کیے گئے جہاں تین ماہ تک موت و حیات کی کشمکش میں مبتلا رہنے کے بعد ۶ فروری کو ہزاروں لاکھوں عقیدت مندوں کو سوگوار اور اشک بار چھوڑ کر رفیق اعلا سے جاملے۔
اس وقت مسلمان بڑی ابتلا اور کشمکش کے دور سے گزر رہے ہیں، ملی قیادت کا میدان مولانا حفظ الرحمان مرحوم کے بعد ہی سے خالی چلا آرہا تھا، مولانا اسعد کی جرأت و بے باکی سے اس کی تلافی ایک حد تک ہوئی مگر ان کے اٹھ...
Model pembelajaran mempengaruhi motivasi dan hasil belajar Biologi siswa sekolah menengah atas. Berdasarkan observasi awal, diketahui bahwa pembelajaran Biologi di kelas X-1 SMA Negeri 7 Malang memiliki beberapa ciri, yaitu (1) motivasi belajar siswa cenderung kurang, (2) dalam menyelesaikan suatu tugas, siswa dengan karakteristik yang sama cenderung mengelompok sehingga terbentuk kelompok homogen yang tidak seimbang di kelas, dan (3) metode ceramah yang diterapkan oleh guru tidak menarik minat siswa sehingga mempengaruhi hasil belajarnya. Berdasarkan kondisi tersebut maka dilakukan penelitian dengan menggunakan pembelajaran kooperatif model Group Investigation (GI) untuk meningkatkan motivasi dan hasil belajar Biologi siswa. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian tindakan kelas dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dan dirancang dalam dua siklus. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan penerapan pembelajaran kooperatif model GI dapat meningkatkan motivasi dan hasil belajar Biologi siswa. Motivasi belajar siswa meningkat sebesar 31, 48% yaitu dari 46, 15% dengan kategori cukup pada siklus I menjadi 77, 63% dengan kategori baik pada siklus II. Hasil belajar siswa juga mengalami peningkatan, terlihat dari nilai rata-rata siswa sebesar 81, 94% pada siklus I menjadi 89, 18% pada siklus II dan siswa yang tuntas belajar juga mengalami peningkatan dari 79, 49% pada siklus I menjadi 97, 44 % pada siklus II. Hasil angket juga menunjukkan bahwa siswa menyukai dan lebih termotivasi untuk belajar Biologi setelah mengikuti pembelajaran dengan pembelajaran kooperatif model GI.
“A STUDY OF PUBLIC AND PRIVATE SECTOR PESTICIDE EXTENSION AND MARKETING SERVICES FOR COTTON CROP” Consequent upon the institution of liberal policies by the Government of Pakistan in 1980s, aimed at transferring the import and sale of chemical pesticides to the private sector, numerous companies entered the country’s pesticide market. Easy imports, low prices and availability of a variety of pesticides were distinct advantages of these liberal policies. On the other hand, Agriculture Extension lacked the capacity and necessary expertise to monitor such a long range of pesticide products available in the market, reflecting imperfect competition and a high level of windfall profits. As a result, the sale of substandard pesticides is a common problem of farming community. Besides, overuse and misuse of pesticide by untrained farmers increased the health and environmental risks especially in the prime cotton growing districts. The status of pesticide industry in Sindh province was critically reviewed in the study, in the light of international experiences. Using survey method, 263 stakeholders (19 key respondents and 244 sample respondents) were interviewed during 2003-04. Knowledge of farmers and extension agents about proper selection, usage and safe handling of pesticides was assessed. Recommendations were developed regarding registration, monitoring and evaluation of pesticides and extension education programs for capacity building of farmers and extension agents. The status review revealed that the public sector has been able to train critical manpower (18% PhDs) in plant protection. Research on new active pesticide ingredients could not, however, be undertaken due mainly to non-availability of operational funds, advanced training, and appropriate equipment. The on-going public sector research program dealt with IPM related-technology and testing of efficacy of pesticides. Use of IPM techniques was found limited to research stations due mainly to poor extension services. Therefore, pesticide was the sole source of cotton pest control by majority of farmers. Three legal instruments for pesticide registration were in vogue; namely Form1, Form 16, and Form 17. Prerequisite for Form 1 is to test efficacy of pesticides for two consecutive years at two research stations while Form 16 and Form 17 are liberal schemes; and do not need any research trials. Due to easy registration, 47 and 36 percent of the pesticides are registered in Form 16 and 17 respectively. Only 17 percent pesticides are registered in Form 1. Square root regression model was developed on the import of pesticides in the country. Estimates of the proposed model revealed steeper growth trend than that of ordinary regression model; and it was much higher than agricultural productivity growth trend. Directorate General, Agriculture Extension, is responsible for monitoring and evaluation of pesticides. According to information provided by District Officers (Agriculture), the accused Dealers of adulteration and supply of substandard pesticides were penalized with minor fines due to specific legal and administrative shortcomings; while according to section 21/2b of Agricultural Pesticide Ordinance, vprovided for imprisonment of not less than six months and not more than two years, with fine which may extend to five hundred thousand rupees. Majority of the stakeholders including District Officers (Agriculture), Sales Executives, and Pesticide Dealers were dissatisfied with the present monitoring and evaluation system for pesticides. District Officers did not get due cooperation from police in lodging FIR and protocol in courts during hearing of pesticide cases. Sales Executives stated that the process of drawing samples was targeted and marred with corruption of the highest order. All Pesticide Dealers were of the opinion that pesticide companies be named in FIR when samples are declared unfit by the laboratories; because the companies supplied sealed pesticides and should be held responsible for any adulteration at their end. Local companies offered high profit margins (up to 30%) and incentive schemes including lotteries and foreign tours to the Dealers who, in addition, charged exorbitant interest rate of 30 to 40 percent per annum from the farmers while giving pesticides on loan. Unlike local companies, multinationals offered normal profit margins (up to 15%) to Dealers, supplied quality pesticides and imparted effective training programs for the capacity building of Contact Farmers and Pesticide Dealers. Total sale amount of insecticides in Sanghar, Nawabshah, and Naushahro Feroze districts was estimated to be Rs. 471.73 million in 2003-04. Top five insecticides in terms of weight were methamidophos (29%), endosulfan (12%), cypermetherin (9%), imidacloprid, (8%), and fenpropthrin (7%). The above ranking reflected the persistence of old groups of pesticides i.e. organophosphate, organochlorine and synthetic parathyroid in the market; while the recent literature revealed that cotton insect pests had developed resistance to these groups. Non-Contact Farmers’ knowledge was recorded to be significantly low (41%) regarding proper selection, usage and handling of pesticides; while corresponding averages scores for Contact Farmers, Field Assistants, and Pesticide Agents were 75, 57, and 97 percent respectively. Low level of knowledge of Non-Contact Farmers established the need for their training to mitigate health and environmental risks associated with the misuse of pesticides. Non-Contact Farmers’ channels of knowledge were landlords and Pesticide Dealers while Contact Farmers directly received information from representatives of pesticide companies. Role of public sector extension in disseminating proper information about pesticide was limited owing to institutional problems such as poorly motivated staff, inadequate operational funds, and lack of relevant technology. Private sector extension targeted large and progressive farmers to minimize the per unit costs. Non-Contact Farmers had to rely on Pesticide Dealers who had limited knowledge and profit maximization motives. Based upon the research findings, it was recommended that APO-71 may be reviewed and liberal pesticide registration schemes be rationalized. Monitoring and evaluation system of pesticides may be redesigned by appointing attorneys and introducing training programs and incentives for Chemists and Inspectors. Well designed extension education programs may be made mandatory for registration of companies. Alternate methods of pest control may be encouraged in the process. Agricultural extension activities such as the farmers’ field schools on IPM may be fully supported so as to optimize pesticide import bills, curtail health and environmental risks associated with the over/misuse of pesticides, and manage quality cotton production in the wake of trade globalization.