براؤن، ایڈورڈ
علمی دنیا میں نئے سال کا سب سے افسوس ناک سانحہ مشہور انگریز مستشرق پروفیسر ایڈورڈ جی براؤن کی وفات ہے، موصوف نے اس مہینہ کے آغاز میں غالباً ساٹھ پینسٹھ سال کی تخمینی عمر میں انتقال کیا، وہ پہلے کیمبرج میں فارسی کے لکچرر تھے، پھر ۱۹۰۲ء میں وہ عربی کے پروفیسر مقرر ہوئے، انھوں نے طب کی تعلیم بھی حاصل کی تھی، عربی میں وہ پروفیسر پامر کے شاگرد تھے، ان کی سب سے جامع، مسبوط اور مشہور تصنیف لٹریری ہسٹری آف پرشیا کی ضخیم جلدیں ہیں، موصوف نہ صرف علمی حیثیت سے بلکہ ایک بے تعصب عالم، ایک ہمدرد مشرق اور ایک شریف انسان ہونے کے لحاظ سے بھی نہایت بلند درجہ تھے، قومی تنگ ظرفی اور مذہبی عصبیت سے وہ قطعاً مبرا تھے، ان آنکھوں کو یہ عزت حاصل ہے کہ انھوں نے مرنے والے کی زیارت کی تھی، آئندہ معارف میں ان کے کچھ حالات سپرد قلم ہوں گے، ہندوستان میں ان کو ہم سے بہتر جاننے والے اشخاص بلکہ ان کے شاگرد موجود ہیں، کیا بہتر ہو اگر ان میں سے کوئی صاحب ہماری مدد فرمائیں اور براؤن پر ایک عمدہ مضمون لکھ کر عنایت فرمائیں اور اگر احباب پسند کریں تو معارف کا ایک نمبر صرف براؤن پر شائع کیا جائے کہ ان کے احسانات کا یہ ادنیٰ ترین معاوضہ ہے۔ (سید سليمان ندوی، جنوری ۱۹۲۶ء)
Islam is a complete code of life which provides complete guidance in all aspects of human life. The discipline of economics was given particular importance in Islam as most of the human activities revolved around it that could also be seen practically around the globe. The major responsibility of under taking the financial matters was laid on men according to teachings of Islam. The core purpose of this academic work was to explore the Islamic view point about the woman economic activities. The study was basically designed to address that whether Islam permitted women to take part in economic affairs or not? The article provided a guideline for cotemporary women in the light of economic activities of Ṣaḥābiyāt that how the today’s women could take part into various domains of financial matters by keeping in view the life and economic activities of Ṣaḥābiyāt. The descriptive and analytical research methodology was employed for the collection and analysis of data. The review of literature revealed that men were primarily responsible for economic matters, however women could do the job by following the instruction of Islamic teachings. It was also found that the women could actively take part in various economic fields including; trade, agriculture, medical science, and education. In the light of above findings the research recommended that Government should take some serious measures by making economic arrangements and providing Islamic environment for work in order to accommodate the needy, poor, widows and oppressed women of society. On one hand, it would be beneficial for the financial support of their family while on the other hand, enhance the production of country. Finally it must be kept in view that family system should not be ruined due to job of a woman.
Access to electricity is one of the key factors indicating the socio-economic status of any community. Reliable and adequate provision of electricity is mandatory for improved standards of living including better health, education, transport, agriculture and employment opportunities. Unfortunately, according to International Energy Agency, over 1.1 billion people around the world lack access to any electricity out of which 85 percent reside in rural areas of developing world. Electrification of these remote rural communities through national grid interconnection is not economically feasible for many developing countries due to high cost associated with the development of generation, transmission and distribution infrastructure. Alternatively, DC microgrids implemented with distributed generation and low voltage distribution are becoming very popular for low cost rural electrification. However, current implementations are largely suboptimal due to high distribution losses associated with their centralized architecture and their inability to support high power community loads. In this work, a novel distributed DC microgrid architecture which allows a scalable approach with minimal upfront investment to fulfill rural electricity needs along with the provision of higher powers for communal loads and beyond subsistence provisioning of electrical power is proposed. The architecture is capable to work entirely on solar energy with power delivery capability to individual consumers and added inherent ability to integrate resources to power up larger loads for communal/commercial applications. The proposed microgrid architecture consists of a cluster of multiple nanogrids (households), where each nanogrid has its own PV generation and battery storage along with bi-directional connectivity to the microgrid. Thus, each nanogrid can work independently in islanded mode along with the provision of sharing its resources with the community through the bidirectional converter. In the proposed architecture, the bi-directional power flow capability is implemented through a modified flyback converter. A decentralized control methodology is also proposed to ensure a communication-less, yet coordinated control among the distributed resources in multiple nanogrids. The microgrid is evaluated for optimal distribution voltage level, conductor size and interconnection scheme between nanogrids using Newton-Raphson analysis modified for DC power flow. Various scenarios for power sharing among the contributing nanogrids and communal load power allocation are analyzed from operation and control prospective to validate the architecture and its performance. Further, an optimal framework for the planning of distributed generation and storage resources in each nanogrid with respect to time varying profiles of region-specific temperature and irradiance is also presented to ensure the better resource utilization. A scaled version of the proposed architecture is implemented on hardware, while the efficacy of control methodology is validated on MATLAB/Simulink and hardware in loop facilities at microgrid laboratory in Aalborg University. The proposed distributed architecture along with decentralized control can be considered as a promising solution for the future rural electrification implementations in developing regions.