Mīthāq Al-Madīnah: A Universal Charter of Peace an Analytical Study in the Modern Socio-Political Context

Different religious, political and social leaders tried their best to establish peace and prosperity in the society in different phases of the human history. An influential effort out of these efforts is that of the Prophet (r) Muḥammad. The Prophet (r) faced a pluralistic society of different faiths and religions in Madīnah. So, to make a better relationship and establish peace between the Muslims and the other communities of Madīnah, an agreement, which is called Mīthāq al-Madīnah, was made. Mīthāq al-Madīnah was not only a deed, but it presents all those principles and regulations, which were mandatory for peace building in a state or society. The excellent aspect of this charter is that the recipients of this charter were not the Muslims only, but a pluralistic society of different faiths. These communities were bound to establish peace with an agreement. This charter is an excellent model of peace, prosperity, freedom and human rights. According to this charter, all the parties were free with their religious beliefs and social interests. It was also the constitution of Madīnah. The renowned Muslim scholars are unanimously agreed that it was the first written constitution of the world. This agreement provides all other communities of Madīnah (the Jews, the Christians, and the polytheists) equal rights and freedom. Consequently, the charter of Madīnah can become a base for enduring peace and peaceful coexistence in a pluralistic world for the sake of the welfare of the human beings.

Outcomes and Associated Factors of Neonatal Intestinal Obstruction Nio at French Medical Institute for Children, Kabul, Afghanistan

Introduction: Intestinal obstruction is one of the common causes for emergency surgical consultations among neonates. Neonates’ quality of lives can be made better by early identification of the risk factors and proper management. The best available management for NIO is surgical treatment but the success rate for surgery of NIO is not reported as high. There are few studies available worldwide but no research is available in Afghanistan regarding the outcomes and factors associated with NIO surgery.Aim: The current study aims to find the outcome of NIO surgery and associated factors at FMIC, Kabul, Afghanistan.Methodology: A retrospective Case Series design was utilized. Consecutive sampling was employed and with the help of a structured checklist, medical records of 228 patients who had undergone surgery for intestinal obstruction in their neonatal period at FMIC were reviewed from January 2010 to September 2016. Chi-square test of independence was run to determine the factors associated with the outcomes of NIO. Results: A total of 228 neonates were participants of the study. Male to female ratio was 2:1. Mean weight was 3.04 kg and mean age was 9.5 days. Prematurity was seen only in 10 (4.4%) participants. Initially 118 (51.8%) patients were septic at their first visit to FMIC. Overall survival was 85.1% and high mortality was reported in complicated cases. The leading cause of NIO was ARM (42.1%) and leading cause of death was septicaemia (82.4%). Add factors like weight, septic condition at the time of admission, associated anomalies, and specific type of etiologic pathology, diagnostic accuracy and postoperative complications were found to be the predictors of outcomes of surgeries performed for patients with diagnosis of NIO at FMIC. Conclusion: The mortality associated with NIO surgery has improved over the years but still there is significant mortality which could be prevented by early diagnosis, proper management like proper resuscitation and a NICU setting with appropriate equipment and skilled health care professionals