منشی پریم چند
افسوس ہے کہ اس جلسہ میں ہندی اور ہندوستانی کا وہ ادیب موجود نہ تھا، جس کا قلم ان دونوں دریاؤں کا سنگم تھا، یعنی منشی پریم چند، ماسوف علیہ نے اسی مہینہ اپنے دوستوں کو آخری الوداع کہا اور اس دنیا سے رخصت ہوگئے، ان کے قلم نے کم از کم پچیس برس تک اپنے دیہاتی بھائیوں کی کہانی اپنے شہری بھائیوں کو سنائی، وہ زبان کے پرجوش فصیح و بلیغ نہ تھے، ان کی عبارت تکلف و بناوٹ سے پاک اور حددرجہ سادی تھی، ان کی کہانیوں کا اثر ان کی زبان میں نہ تھا، بلکہ ان کے بیان میں تھا، انہوں نے ہمارے دیہاتی تمدن، ہندوستانی وضع و آداب اور ہندی اخلاقی آن بان کی جو تصویر کھینچی ہیں وہ ہمارے ادبی مرقع کی زندہ جاوید یادگاریں ہیں۔
(سید سلیمان ندوی،نومبر ۱۹۳۶ء)
Human nature has become collectivist. And man's survival is in living together and fulfilling the necessities of life through mutual cooperation. As a result, a system of mutual relation is formed; the state has relation with the other state just as the individual has relations with the individual. If there is no balance and harmony in this relationship, then mutual conflict and tension is natural. In fact, international law has its beginnings from the Islamic era. The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) conveyed the universal message of the Islamic State throughout the world through his foreign Strategy and diplomatic letters. Away from the concept of globalization, the importance of foreign relations has become more important in modern times. Therefore, just as it is necessary for the Islamic state to harmonize with the world conditions and events according to the requirements of the modern era, it is also necessary for the Islamic state to keep its ideological position in mind in all situations. So that the foreign strategy of the Islamic State is established on strong foundations and its principles are formulated in the light of International Law and Sharia.
Keywords: International Law, Foreign Policy, Foundations, Islamic era
Molecular Genetic Elucidation of Inherited Retinal Diseases Inherited retinal dystrophies are characterized by gradual loss of vision due to underlying degeneration of light sensitive photoreceptors or the surrounding retinal pigment epithelium. Clinical subtype of RD called Retinitis pigmentosa involves progressive degeneration of Rod photoreceptor cells earlier in life than the cones cells, and represents one of the most common forms. As rod cells are sensitive to dim light the patients first experience night vision problems but might eventually end up with complete blindness as the degeneration prevails. Of the inherited forms of RP the autosomal recessive inheritance pattern is most common and accounts for more than 50% of cases. RP is genetically heterogeneous, where arRP is at the extreme as mutations in about 40 genes are known to cause same phenotype. Despite large number of genes associated with arRP these genes only explain about 60% of the cases and hence the further research is warranted to find out the missing pieces. In three families, missense mutations were identified in TULP1, which include p.(Thr380Ala), p.(Arg482Gln), and p.(Lys489Arg). In three arRP families protein- truncating mutations were identified in ABCA4 p.(Gln2220*), AIPL1 p.(Trp278*) and CERKL p.(Arg283*). In three families novel missense mutations were identified in different genes, which include CNGA1 (p.(Gly433Asp), EYS (p.(Asp2767Tyr) and PDE6A (p.(Arg544Trp). A novel splice site mutation (c.2493-2A>G; p.(?), was identified in CNGB1 in a family with arRP. In five other unrelated arRP families, previously reported mutations were identified, which include two families with a missense mutation p.(Glu150Lys) in RHO, two families with mutations p.(Arg44Gln) and p.(Ser121Leufs*6) in RPE65, and one family with a mutation p.(Thr745Met) in CRB1. In an X-linked RP family the causative mutation p.(Glu809Glyfs*25) was identified in RPGR. A splice site mutation c.488-1G>A; p.(?) in IQCB1 was identified in a family with syndromic RP. Two families with fundus albipunctatus were identified to have a frameshift p.(Val305Hisfs*29) and a missense p.(Met253Arg) mutation in RDH5 gene. xiiIn an arRP family Exome next generation sequencing (NGS) helped to identify a plausible pathogenic variant c.3269G>A; p.(Arg1090Gln) in SNRNP200, a gene previously found to be mutated in autosomal dominant RP (adRP). We hypothesize that the mutation identified in the Pakistani arRP family represents a hypomorphic variant but further experiments are warranted to prove the causality of the mutation. An overlapping homozygous region was identified that was shared between all the affected individuals of two arRP families. The region encompasses CLRN1, a gene previously found to be mutated in Usher syndrome type III. Two novel missense mutations p.(Pro31Leu) and p.(Leu154Trp) were identified, which were proven to be pathogenic. Hence a novel genotype-phenotype correlation was established for CLRN1. Taking together, sequence variants were identified in 32 of 41 (78%) families of our Pakistani RD cohort, which very likely explains the retinal phenotypes. In addition, we were able to identify nine potential novel arRP loci, which are likely to harbor novel retinal disease gene.