سیّد جالبؔ دہلوی
اس مہینہ اردو صحافت کو اپنے ایک دیرینہ اہل قلم کی خدمات سے ہمیشہ کے لئے محرومی ہوئی، سید جالب دہلوی جو نہ صرف بحیثیت ایک کہنہ مشق اخبارنویس کے قابل ذکر ہیں، بلکہ مرحوم علم کے ایک سچے طالب اور عاشق تھے، ان کی کہنہ مشقی، اخباری وسعت اطلاع، عام معلومات کی آگاہی، تاریخی ذوق، کتب نادرہ سے سچا عشق ان کی زندگی کی خصوصیات تھیں، ہر ہفتہ نخاس جاکر معمولی دوکانوں پر بیٹھ کر قلمی کتابوں کے منتشر و پراگندہ اوراق چن کر بقیمت اٹھا لاتے تھے، گھر لاکر ان کی خدمت کرتے، ترک دیکھتے، ہندسے جوڑتے، عبارتیں ملاتے اور اوراق کو جوڑ کر کتاب کو درست کرتے، مرحوم نے کبھی فارغ البالی کی زندگی نہیں بسر کی، مگر اسی عالم میں انہوں نے لاہور، دہلی اور لکھنؤ کے بازاروں سے سات آٹھ ہزار کتابوں کا ذخیرہ فراہم کیا، جن میں بعض بعض بہت نادر کتابیں تھیں، ان کا ارادہ تھا کہ ان کتابوں کے لئے وہ کوئی خاص مکان بنوائیں، یا کسی قومی درسگاہ کے حوالہ کردیں، خدا جانے مرحوم کی وفات کے بعد ان پسماندوں کا کیا حشر ہوا، ۱ مرحوم ساکہنہ مشق اخبار نویس اور اخبار نویسی کے ایک ایک فن کا واقف کار شاید ہی مسلمانوں میں کوئی دوسرا ہو، اﷲ تعالیٰ مغفرت فرمائے، ان کا سب سے بڑا کمال ان کا حافظہ تھا، جو ادنیٰ ادنیٰ چیزوں سے لے کر بڑے بڑے اشخاص سے متعلق معلومات ان کے خزانہ میں محفوظ رہتے تھے۔
سید جالب مرحوم پیسہ اخبار کے بعد غالباً سب سے پہلے ہمدرد میں ظاہر ہوئے، ہمدرد کے بند ہونے پر لکھنؤ آکرہمدم کی ادارت کا فرض انجام دیا اور ابھی دوسال ہوئے ہمدم سے علیحدگی کی صورت میں روزنامہ ہمت جاری کیا، سیدجالب کا وجود اگر لکھنؤ میں نہ ہوتا تو بلا خوف...
Validity of the law depends on its derivation from legitimate sources. The term ‘source’ denotes the norm that validates a law. Western law is based on western legal tradition which is deeply rooted in Roman law and Bible. Statutes is one of the basic source of western law, however, constitution is superior source of western legal system. The sources of Islamic law, unlike to western legal system, are basically divided into primary and secondary sources. This study aims to compare the authority of sources of legal systems, Islam and western, and analyze the objections of orientalists on Islamic law and its sources.
Livestock production is a prophetic and noble profession that provided food and clothing from histories to human being. It is contributing significantly in economic growth and development of Pakistan. Population of the country has been growing exponentially that demands for more food production. Farm females are integral part of livestock farming as they have partaken in this profession from ancient times. They perform all the activities of livestock management, like fodder cutting and feeding of animals; cleaning the sheds; medication; milking and milk processing; marketing; and dung cake making. These tasks take plenty of their time in a day. Farm females rely on their indigenous knowledge which is the main reason of low production and has produced an information gap between their existing and recommended knowledge for livestock production. It may be due to their low access to information and communication technologies (ICTs). Use of recent ICTs is a miracle in global life. Livestock production in modern world is not only mechanized but also the use of ICTs is indispensible. Modern farm management practices fully utilize ICTs resources. But in Pakistan, the study country, poor farm females have neither education/awareness nor finances to get access to these sources which have resulted in information gap regarding livestock production. Considering above mentioned facts regarding information gap and its impact on production, the present study was planned to find out the information gap among farm females and to suggest measures to minimize it.From the province of Punjab, district Okara was purposively selected due to its maximum livestock population and intensive research work relating to livestock production. It consists of three tehsils i.e. Okara, Depalpur, and Renalakhurd comprising 89 rural union councils (RUCs). Randomly 27 (30%) RUCs were selected proportionately, 09 RUCs from tehsil Okara, 13 from Depalpur and 05 from Renala Khurd tehsil. One village from each union council was randomly selected. Twelve respondents (female livestock farmers) were selected through purposive sampling technique depending on their active participation in livestock activities. All the Veterinary Assistants (27) of Livestock Production Research Institute (LPRI), Okara who were directly involved in field activities in Okara district were also interviewed to gather data. Mixed research method was used in present research plan which contains both quantitative and qualitative paradigms. The research design used for this study was “The Explanatory Sequential Design” which consists of two distinct consecutive phases i) Quantitative ii) Qualitative. In phase I quantitative data were collected through pre-tested and validated interview schedules and were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). In phase II qualitative data were taken through focus group discussions. Two focus groups for each category of respondents were conducted.Analysis of data showed that about 40% of the respondents were young aged (≤ 30 yrs), below matriculate and married. About one-third of the respondents had monthly income up to 4000 Rs. Information gap was found in vaccination against diseases and calf/kid care and management. Regarding availability of ICTs; highly negligible number (1.5, 4.6 and 3.4%) of the respondents had availability of ROICT (newspapers, magazines and books) respectively, whereas one-third (33.3%), and less than one-fifth (18.5, 14.8%) of the respondents had access to OICTs (TV, telephone and radio), respectively. In case of MICTs, less than one third (29.9%) of the respondents had availability of mobile phone for getting livestock information. None of the respondents had access to internet. Pertaining to effectiveness of ICTs, 14.9% of the respondents perceived ROICT as highly effective, one-third (33.3%) of the respondents perceived OICTsas highly effective and two-thirds majority (66%) of the respondents perceived MICTs highly effective in getting livestock information. In case of prospective role of ICTs, 5.9, 54.7 & 26.6% of respondents had high aspirations regarding prospective/future role of ROICTs, OICTs and MICTs, respectively. Concerning relationship between demographic attributes and effectiveness of ICTs, age had highly significant relationship with effectiveness of OICTs while non-significant relationship was found with ROICTs. It was suggested from the study that information gap should be bridged through education and training of both female farmers and VAs arranged by Government. Credit should be provided by Government to purchase and utilize these ICTs. Female farmers and VAs should update their knowledge and skill through effective utilization of these ICTs. ICTs centers should be established at union council level to transfer information.