رام لعل
اردو دنیا میں اس وقت جناب رام لعل کا ماتم بپا ہے، وہ اردو کے اچھے اہل قلم اور ممتاز افسانہ نگار تھے، ان کا آبائی وطن مغربی پنجاب میں میانوی تھا، لاہور میں تعلیم ہوئی اور یہیں سے ان کی ادبی و تحریری زندگی کا آغاز ہوا۔ تقسیم ہند کے بعد ہندوستان آئے اور ریلوے میں ملازم ہوئے، کچھ عرصہ دہلی میں گزرا پھر لکھنؤ آئے اور اندرانگر میں مستقل بودوباش اختیار کرلی۔ وہ لکھنؤ کی ہر ادبی و تہذیبی سرگرمی کا جز ہوگئے تھے۔ افسانہ نگاری ان کا خاص میدان تھا، انہوں نے پاکستان اور بعض مغربی ملکوں کا سفر بھی کیا جن کے سفرنامے بھی لکھے۔ ’’زردپتوں کی بہار‘‘ اور ’’خواب خواب سفر‘‘ اردو کے مقبول سفرنامے سمجھے جاتے ہیں۔ رام لعل صاحب کو ادبی خدمات کے صلے میں قومی سطح کے متعدد اعزاز حاصل ہوئے۔ پاکستان سے ملنے والے ایوارڈ کی رقم پاکستانیوں کو نذر کردی۔ وہ قرطاس و قلم سے ہی سروکار نہیں رکھتے تھے بلکہ بڑے عملی شخص بھی تھے۔ ان ہی کی دعوت پر لکھنؤ میں غیرمسلم اردو مصنفین کی عظیم الشان کانفرنس ہوئی۔ کل ہند اردو رابطہ کمیٹی کا قیام ان کی جدوجہد کا نتیجہ تھا، جس کے وہی صدر تھے، اس کے لئے انہوں نے پروفیسر ملک زادہ منظور احمد کے ساتھ پورے صوبے کا دورہ کیا اور اردو کو دوسری زبان بنانے کی کامیاب مہم چلائی۔ اردو اکادمی اترپردیش کے وائس چیرمین اور فخرالدین علی احمد میموریل کمیٹی کے چیرمین بھی رہے، رام لعل جی اردو کی ہر مہم میں شریک رہتے اور اسے قوت پہنچاتے۔ اردو کے ایسے محسن کی موت اس کا بہت بڑا سانحہ ہے۔
(ضیاء الدین اصلاحی، نومبر ۱۹۹۶ء)
Background of the study: Urinary incontinence is a physically challenging and socially incapacitating situation with a loss of self-confidence. This study aims to narrate the latest literature on the efficacy of novel exercise-based techniques to treat stress urinary incontinence except the traditional exercise using Kegel’s method.
Methodology: The electronic searching was done using Google Scholar, Cochrane Library, PubMed, Science Direct, and BMC journals for the latest available at least three articles, including novel exercise regimes to treat stress urinary incontinence. The included techniques are Pilates, Paula Method, and the abdominal Hypopressive exercise technique. All the articles were analyzed, and their results are compiled in tabulated form in this narrative review.
Results: All the approaches like Pilates, Paula, and Hypopressive abdominal exercises are effective for the treatment of stress urinary incontinence. None of the regimes was found to be completely ineffective; however, the range of usefulness may vary.
Conclusion: This study asserts the ideology of inclusion of new therapies into clinical practice keeping in mind their latest literature-based evidence.
Tularemia, caused by Francisella tularensis (F. tularensis), is a zoonotic disease transmitted through contact with infected animals and contaminated environment. The disease has been reported from many countries of the world but no study has been done in Pakistan. In the current project, a total of 2280 soil samples representing 456 villages of eight districts of Punjab province were collected from way-points having human-animal interaction, processed for genomic extraction and tested through real time PCR for presence or absence of F. tularensis. Association of risk factors was determined from data such as gender and age of animals, plough method, irrigation system, fertilizer type used, availability of veterinary services, level of farmer education, physical and chemical composition of the soil. Moreover serum samples (n=707) collected randomly from goat (n = 200), sheep (n = 175), cattle (n = 179), and buffalo (n = 153) were analyzed for antibodies against F. tularensis by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Seventy four soil samples (3.24 percent) were found positive for F. tularensis. Phylogenetic analysis showed 100 percent similarity index with F. tularensis sub specie holarctica reported from other regions like USA, Sweden, Spain, Turkey and Germany. Presence of F. tularensis in soil showed negative association with increase in number of human density (0.7159; 0.3834- 0.2054). Prevalence of anti- Ft ELISA antibodies were significantly higher (p<0.05) in large ruminants (cattle and buffalo) as compared to small ruminants (goat and sheep). Age and gender- wise analyses showed non-significant differences (p>0.05) between small and large ruminants. Whereas, rain-irrigation system (2.96: 1.35- 6.48), lack of veterinary services (4.77:1.26-18.03) and use of organic fertilizer (5.3: 11.38- 20.39) have positive association with prevalence of anti- Ft ELISA antibodies in the serum. Sero-prevalence of F. tularensis in the animals has significant viiassociation with quantity of clay in soil (p<0.05). A conventional PCR based test has also been optimized for detection of F. tularensis using tul4 gene specific primers. Specificity of primer showed Ft detection in soil DNA in the presence of other cross-reactive organism. Sensitivity was determined in two fold dilutions with detection limit of up to 320 pg/μL. Utilizing pET28a vector, a construct was prepared containing transformed tul4 gene (450bp) showing 100 percent sequence homology to query gene sequence. For manufacturing diagnostic assays especially in developing countries where availability of BSL-3 facilities and positive control reagents is an issue, provision of tul4 gene based constructs in vector can act as positive control and safe to use.