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کسی بھی چیز کو جانے اور سمجھے بغیر اس کے بارے میں تأثر نہیں دیا جا سکتا اور تأثر کا اچھا ذریعہ الفاظ ہوتے ہیں۔الفاظ کا تقاضا بھی ان کی معرفت ہوتی ہے۔الفاظ کی معرفت نہ ہو تو اظہار بھی اچھا نہ ہو سکے گا۔اظہار تحریر کی صورت میں ہو تو اس کے لئے دو اصناف’’نثر‘‘ اور ’’نظم‘‘ ہیں۔نثر کے ذریعے اظہار کرنے والے کو نثر نگار اور نظم کے ذریعے اظہار کرنے والے کو شاعر کہا جاتا ہے۔عربی زبان کا مقولہ ہے’’الشعراء تلامیذ الرحمان‘‘ شعراء اللہ کے شاگرد ہوتے ہیں۔انسان کو اللہ کی بخشی ہوئی عقل سلیم کا تقاضا یہ ہے کہ انسان اللہ کی بخشی ہوئی صلاحیت سے مالک کی حمد کرکے ایسی شاعری کرے جس سے پروردگار راضی ہو۔
خالقِ ارض و سماء اپنی مخلوقات میں سب سے زیادہ جس تخلیق کو اہمیت دیتا ہے وہ اس کے محبوب محمد مصطفیؐ کی ذات ہے۔فرشتوں کو ساتھ لے کر اُنؐ کی ذات پر درودپڑھتا ہے اور اہل ایمان کو درود کا حکم دیتا ہے۔اُنؐ کو محبت کا مرکز بنا دیا۔اُنؐ کی مدح سرائی میں ہدایت کی کتاب’’قرآن‘‘نازل کیا۔پروردگار جس شاعری سے سب سے زیادہ راضی ہو گا وہ اس کے محبوب کی تعریف و توصیف ہے جسے اہل ادب نے نعت کا نام دیا ہے۔
نعت کہنے کے لئے لازم ہے کہ سرورِ عالمؐ کی ذات کو جاننے اور سمجھنے کی کوشش کی جائے۔دوسرے لفظوں میں حضورؐ کا عرفان حاصل کیا جائے۔نعت کی کتاب’’ورفعنا کی صدا‘‘ کے مصنف محترم عرفان علی صاحب ایک مدرس ہیں اور صاحبِ عرفان بھی ہیں۔اُن کے والدِ محترم سچے عاشقِ رسولؐ ہیں اُن سے وراثت میں عشقِ رسولؐ کی دولت نصیب ہوئی۔پروردگار کی عطا سے اسی کی رضا کے لئے نعت کہتے ہیں۔اللہ بھی راضی،اللہ کا محبوب بھی راضی۔
ہم پر خدا کے...
Philosophical Foundations of Islamic and Un-Islamic Pattern of Life and its Impact upon Society: A Comparative Study It is self-evident that human beliefs had great influence on character, actions, ethics, behavior and way of life. The possessors of correct belief produced positive effects and those who possessed incorrect belief promoted negative values in the community. Undoubtedly, the diversity in belief produced diverse ethics, actions, behaviour which gave birth to the different patterns of life in society. Regardless of subdivisions, by looking towards the philosophical foundations, these patterns of life could be divided into four categories in the light of the Qur’an and Sunnah. These lifestyles (also mentioned by Abū ’l-A‘lā Maudūdī in Tajdīd wa Iḥyā-i Dīn) are: Atheistic pattern of life, Polytheistic pattern of life, Monastic pattern of life and Islamic pattern of life. As each pattern had its particular tenets, therefore it formed a particular way of life by leaving its effects upon individual, social, political, economic, cultural and civilizational life. This research work aimed to explain the basic mechanism of these four patterns and their impact on human life. The method used for the collection and analysis of data was descriptive and analytical. The research concluded that three patterns of life (except Islamic pattern of life) produced harmful and negative effects into the society whereas the only Islamic pattern of life ensured the peace and prosperity. Moreover, Islamic pattern of life played a vital role in growth of all disciplines including political social, and economic system. It is therefore suggested that Islamic scholars should uncover the hollowness of Un-Islamic life style and present Islamic pattern of life in logical and systematic way. On one hand, this exercise will encounter the evils and on the other hand would promote good into the society.
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) if cut before boot stage can be used for both forage and grain purposes, however it needs better nutrient management along with other agronomic practices to reduce the possible loss in grain yield. Experiments were conducted on imposing decapitation stress on wheat in comparison to no cut under different N levels and its application techniques to assess the crop response. The decapitation stress was imposed through cutting of foliage at 60 d after sowing. Three levels of nitrogen i.e. 100, 150 and 200 kg ha-1 were applied as full dose at sowing (M1), full dose at 2nd irrigation (M2) and split (M3) as half at sowing and half with 2nd irrigation to cut (C1) or no cut (C0) wheat. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block (RCB) design with four replications having a plot size of 3 x 5 m2. The dry matter yield along with N concentration of different plant parts were determined at different growth stages to assess the translocation of photosynthate and N at these various stages. Wheat cultivar Fakhre Sarhad was planted on 1st November during both growing seasons with seed rate of 120 kg ha-1. All plots applied with recommended levels of 50 kg P2O5 and K2O ha-1. The experiment was conducted on silty clay loam alkaline soil (pH = 7.7-8.2) at Agricultural Research Farm (Malakandher), NWFP Agricultural University Peshawar during 2004-05 and 2005-06. The experimental site was located at 17o, 35 ́ N and 35o, 41 ́ W with altitude of 450 meters above sea level. Decapitation of wheat crop at early growth stage provided sufficient fresh forage but on the cost of reduced spikes m-2, grains spike-1, plant height, thousand grains weight, biological and grain yields when compared to no cut plants. However, harvest index remained same for both treatments. Cut treatment of wheat enhanced the N content at boot and anthesis stages but not at maturity. While grain and straw N contents, grain protein and nitrogen harvest index (NHI) were the same for decapitated and un-decapitated plots. Cut plants had lower N uptakes, apparent nitrogen re-translocation and its efficiencies compared to un-cut plants. Nitrogen use efficiency was increased with decapitation compared to no cut plants. Increased nitrogen fertilization either in split or late application as full dose had resulted in high N content at boot stage, anthesis, and maturity stage. Increasing N levels up to certain point had increased straw and grain N content, nitrogen uptake, grain protein content, nitrogen harvest index, apparent N re-translocation efficiency were increased, whereas NUE was reduced with increasing the N levels. Late application of N as full dose or even two equal splits applications at sowing and/or with 2nd irrigation had improved the N content , total N uptake, N re- translocation and its efficiency, grain protein, and NUE. However, the application time had no effects on N content and protein contents at maturity as well as NHI. Nitrogen fertilization had improved soil total nitrogen after harvesting the wheat. Days to emergence and emergence m-2 was not affected with fertilizer-N and its levels. Delayed boot stage was observed with fertilizer-N and its split application. Nitrogen fertilization as well as split application had increased spikes m-2, plant height and thousand grains weight. Increased N fertilization and full application or two equal splits had increased the grains spike-1, grain and biological yields, and harvest index. The dry matter of wheat stem, leaves and flag leaf at boot stage enhanced with fertilizer-N. The fertilizer-N increased stem and flag leaf dry matter at boot stage with increasing fertilizer-N level where no impact on leaves dry matter was observed. The two equal split doses improved stem and leaves dry matter, delayed full dose improved leaves dry weight while fertilizer-N timing had no influence on flag leaf dry matter. The decapitation stress increased stem and flag leaf dry weight but reduced leaves dry weight at boot stage. The dry matter of stem, leaves, flag leaf, peduncle and spike improved with fertilizer-N at maturity compared to control. The increasing fertilizer-N levels had no influence on stem, leaves and flag leaf dry matter but enhanced peduncle and spike dry matter at maturity. Fertilizer-N timing had no impact on stem, spike, leaves and peduncle dry matter at maturity while only flag leaf dry matter improved with full delayed dose of N application. The decapitation stress reduced leaves, stem, flag leaf, peduncle and spike dry matter at maturity. On the basis of economic analysis optimum VCR (value cost return) and relative increase in income (RII) obtained with 150 kg N ha-1 split application. Where additional Rs. 4959 ha-1 as net income over control were obtained with decapitation of wheat crop. Keeping in view the results two equal split doses 150 kg N ha-1 at sowing and 2nd irrigation is recommended for higher grain yield and economic return.