USAGE OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY TOOLS IN COURTS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS: A CASE STUDY OF ISLAMABAD HIGH COURT

John Rawls, an American Political Philosopher worked on the very idea of justice in his writings throughout his life. He was of the opinion that an institution is just and fair only when its principles and rules are prepared to benefit all the members of the society equally and if there is an unequal distribution then it must advantage all of them especially the ones who are least i.e. Needy. The political institutions must shape up such kind of policies in order for the development of the wellbeing of the individuals in the society by providing them with resources, opportunities, basic necessities etc. Equally. Whereas, the conception of social justice is also based on equality and the human rights where they could be treated as free and equals i.e. An egalitarian society. In this research paper we will analyze the significance of John Rawl’s theory

Hawking Radiation from Some Particular Black Holes

We first investigate quantum corrections to the thermodynamical quantities (temperature and entropy) for a charged Bardeen and Ay ́n-Beato-Garc ́ o ıa- Bronnikov regular black holes by using a quantum tunneling approach be- yond the semiclassical approximation. It is found that the leading order correction to the entropy is of logarithmic form. We also examine the effects of space noncommutativity on the thermodynamics of a Bardeen charged regular black hole. For a suitable choice of sets of parameters, the behavior of the singularity, horizon, mass function, black hole mass, temperature, entropy and its differential, area and energy distribution of the Bardeen solution is discussed graphically for both noncommutative and commuta- tive spaces. It turns out that the commutative coordinates extrapolate all such quantities (except temperature) for a given set of parameters. It is interesting to mention here that these sets of parameters provide that there is no singularity (essential for r = 0) for the black hole solution both in noncommutative and commutative spaces. We also study the black hole evaporation and Hawking radiation for a noncommutative charged Vaidya black hole. For this purpose, we determine spherically symmetric charged Vaidya model and then formulate a noncom- mutative Reissner-Nordstr ̈m-like solution of this model which leads to an o exact (t − r) dependent metric. The behavior of temporal component of this metric and the corresponding Hawking temperature is investigated. Further, we examine the tunneling process of the charged massive particles through the quantum horizon. It is found that the tunneling amplitude is modified due to noncommutativity. Also, it turns out that black hole evaporates completely in the limits of large time and horizon radius. It is mentioned here that the final stage of black hole evaporation leads to a naked singularity. Finally, we explore Hawking radiation as a tunneling process of charged fermions through event horizons of the charged regular black holes, i.e., Bardeen and ABGB black holes as well as of a pair of charged accelerating and rotating black holes with NUT parameter. We apply the semiclassical WKB approximation to the general covariant Dirac equation of charged par- ticles and evaluate the tunneling probabilities of outgoing charged particles. The Hawking temperature corresponding to these black holes are recovered. We also consider the back-reaction effects of the emitted spin particles from black holes and calculate their corresponding quantum corrections to the radiation spectrum. It is found that this radiation spectrum is not purely thermal due to energy and charge conservation but has some corrections. In the absence of charge and NUT parameter, we find consistent results with those already present in the literature.