حالت امن کے قواعد کلیہ: فقہائے کرام کی آراء کی روشنی میں

The value of Shari’ah Maxims is realized all over the world. These maxims keep a superlative significance over all legal maxims as their sources are based on Qur’ān and Sunnah that is the real source of islamic law. Shari’ah Maxims such a important subject of islamic law that simplifies the interpretation of shari’ah. If the Shari’ah Maxims are inculcated and conceived properly then there is no need to burn midnight oil in learning the large number of sub-titles of Shari’ah. The fiqh defines the Shari’ah Maxims as the principles organized. This article explores the Four important Shari’ah Maxims relating to peace  and ethics of a muslim state towards its non-muslim residants. It includes the meanings, arguments and real life examples about these maxims. These maxims are: (الذمی من اھل دارنا کالمسلم)Zimmies are considered equalent to the muslims of state.(الامر بیننا وبین الکفار مبنی علی المجازاۃ)The relations between muslims and non-muslims countries are based on equality.(ان حرمۃ قتل المستامن من حق اللہ تعالی)Those who have the entry into the muslim state with permit and peaceful intention, must be protected and neither be killed nor be harmed.(عبارۃ الرسول کعبارۃ المرسل)Any ambassador of the state will be considered the real representative of the sender who can completely deal all the things on behalf of his sender. Today it’s the dire need of the time to implement these Shari’ah Maxims generaly for the humanity and especially for Muslims Countries to solve the critical issues, because today the world needs peace the most as it was needed never before.

Analysis of Genetics Markers Associated With Kidney Transplantation Outcome

Allograft rejection remains a major hurdle in successful transplantation despite improved immunosuppressive drugs and clinical care. The molecular changes in the renal allograft that lead to graft rejection need to be investigated. In the present work, polymorphisms in chemokine receptors and urinary chemokine levels were investigated for association with rejection. This study includes; (a) gene polymorphisms of chemokine receptors of CCR2 and CCR5 (CCR2V64I and CCR5-59029G>A and CCR5Δ32), (b) urinary levels of interferon induced protein-10 (IP-10), (c) urinary levels of monokine induced by interferon-gamma (MIG) and (d) urinary levels of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). This is the first study on chemokine receptor polymorphisms and the urinary chemokine levels (IP-10, MIG and MCP-1) in cohorts of Pakistani renal transplant patients. The project was approved by the Institutional Ethical Review Committee and informed consent was taken from all the participants. Briefly, the gene polymorphisms CCR2V64I, CCR5-59029G>A and CCR5Δ32 were investigated in 606 renal transplant patients and their donors by amplified fragments length polymorphisms (RFLP). The results showed that the G/G genotype of CCR2V64I was associated with a high frequency of allograft rejection (P=0.009). The Kaplan-Meier curve also indicated a significant reduction in the overall time to rejection-free allograft survival for patients with the G/G genotype of CCR2V64I as compared to the A/A or G/A genotype (59.2±1.4 vs. 68±2.6 weeks, P=0.008) showing that individuals with the A allele, either in the homozygous or heterozygous state, have a greater chance to accept the graft. ix Human IP-10 is classified as the CXC chemokine sub-family. A total of 206 urine samples of (a) rejection (n=96), (b) non-rejection (n=22) and (c) controls (n=88) were quantified for IP-10 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for association with rejection. The results showed statistically significant differences in the urinary IP-10 levels between the rejection vs. non-rejection groups (P=0.004). The Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) of IP-10 showed area under the curve (AUC) of 0.70±0.06 with 72% sensitivity and 64% specificity, at a cut-off value of 27pg/ml. Human MIG also belongs to the CXC chemokine sub-family. A total of 266 urine samples from (a) rejection (n=108), (b) non-rejection (n=70), (c) stable grafts (n=42) and (d) control groups (n=46) were quantified for MIG and analyzed for association with rejection. The results indicated that although urinary MIG levels were higher in patients with rejection the association was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The ROC curve also showed AUC of 0.54±0.04 with low sensitivity (46%) and specificity (55%) at cut-off value of 6pg/ml. Human MCP-1 belongs to the CC chemokine sub-family. A total of 409 urine samples of (a) rejection (n=165), (b) non-rejection (n=93), (c) stable grafts (n=42) and (d) controls (n=109) were quantified for urinary level of MCP-1 by ELISA. The results showed that MCP-1 levels were different between the rejection and other groups (P<0.05). The ROC curve illustrated the area under curve of 0.83±0.04 with a sensitivity and specificity of 84% and 74% respectively, at a cut-off value of 214pg/ml. In conclusion, this work shows the usefulness of chemokine receptor CCR2V64I polymorphism as a marker for the increased possibility of an x immune response against an allograft. Urinary levels of MCP-1, the ligand of CCR2, and IP-10 were increased and show good correlation with rejection. While urinary MIG did not show any association with rejection. These findings may help in developing new therapeutic strategies in renal transplantation based on patient genetic makeup. Additionally, non-invasive screening tests based on urinary levels of IP-10 and MCP-1 would help in the assessment of the immune status of the graft