قاضی ظہورالحسن ناظمؔ سیوہاروی
افسوس ہے گزشتہ مہینہ قاضی ظہور الحسن صاحب ناظمؔ سیو ہاری نے داعی اجل کولبیک کہا۔ مرحوم رشتہ میں راقم الحروف کے ماموں تھے۔بڑے ذہین، طباع،بذلہ سنج اورقادرالکلام شاعر تھے۔فن پربڑاعبور تھا۔تاریخ گوئی میں توشاید ہی اُن کاکوئی جواب ہو۔اس خاص کمال کی وجہ سے نظام حیدرآباددکن کے دامنِ دولت سے وابستہ ہوگئے اورعرصہ تک وظیفہ پاتے رہے۔غالباً۱۹۲۸ء میں جب ’’نظام‘‘ گورنمنٹ انڈیا سے برارکا معاملہ طے کرنے دلّی آئے تھے تومرحوم نے اس تقریب سے ایک عجیب وغریب قصیدہ لکھا تھا جس میں ۱۹ اشعارتھے اور ہرشعر سے سات طرح دلّی آنے کی تاریخ نکلتی تھی۔پھر لطف یہ تھا کہ ہرشعر کے پہلے حرف کوملائیے تواُسی بحر اوراُسی ردیف وقافیہ کاایک شعرہوجاتا تھا اوراس سے بھی سات طرح تاریخ برآمد ہوتی تھی۔نظام نے اس پر خوش ہوکر ان کے منصب میں اضافہ کردیا اوراب وہ مستقلاً حیدرآباد میں رہنے لگے تھے۔ علاوہ بریں اُن کو تصنیف وتالیف کا بھی بڑا متنوع ذوق تھا۔ تاریخ،فقہ،ادب و تنقید، لسانیات، شعروشاعری ان میں سے ہرموضوع پرانھوں نے کتابیں لکھی ہیں۔آخر میں اردو کی انسائیکلو پیڈیا لکھنی شروع کی تھی جوناتمام رہ گئی۔اخلاقی اعتبار سے خوش مزاج اورخندہ روبزرگ تھے۔لطائف وظرائف سینکڑوں کی تعداد میں یاد تھے اور انھیں موقع و محل کے لحاظ سے مزے لے لے کرسناتے تھے۔نماز باجماعت پڑھتے تھے اورادووظائف کاشغل بھی رکھتے تھے۔بزرگان دیوبند کے صحبت یافتہ اوران کے نام کے عاشق تھے۔دنیوی معاملات میں بھی بڑی سوجھ بوجھ رکھتے تھے۔اللھم اغفرلہ وارحمہ۔
[مئی۱۹۶۰ء]
There is a great importance and significance of the role of an individual to prevent his body and property from an aggression. Islamic law and conventional law has authorized an individual to repel any kind of aggression upon his body and property and has not forced him to stand hands bound towards the aggressor. This role of an individual will help to decrease the ratio of crimes in society. It has been strived in this paper to provide proof of its legalization from Quran, Sunnah and also from conventional law. It has also been tried to discuss the main portions and relevant issues relating to the said topic such as; aggression, offence, defence during the continuance of aggression or offence and retreat during the aggression in Shariah and Common Law.
Two species of mongooses; small Indian mongoose (Herpestes javanicus) and the grey mongoose (H. edwardsii) occur in many parts of Pakistan including the Pothwar Plateau. They are diurnal, terrestrial carnivores playing their ecological role in controlling populations of snakes, rodents and insects. The current study investigated their distribution, vegetation analysis of their habitat, population, and diet composition in the Pothwar Plateau. Distribution of the two mongoose species was recorded through reconnaissance surveys of the study area, vegetation analysis was carried out by quantifying trees (Point-Centered-Quarter method), shrubs and herbs (by Quadrate method). The populations of the two species were estimated by direct enumeration by minimum numbers alive (MNA) index using capture, mark, and recapture data and indirect enumeration, using active burrows (AB) count method. Diet composition of the two species was investigated by their scat analysis. The small Indian mongoose was found distributed in the vicinity of human dwellings, whereas, the grey mongoose was widely distributed in natural areas with low human activity, however, both species were found occupying the cultivated areas. Their distribution was found restricted below 850 m asl in the study area. Vegetation analysis of the habitat of two mongoose species showed Zizyphus mauritiana with high importance value index (IVI = 101.21) and Acacia nilotica (IVI = 95.13) as major tree species, Zizyphus nummularia (IVI = 90.29) as major shrub and 24 Cynodon dactylon (IVI = 20.70), Peganum harmala (IVI = 19.37) and Carthamus oxycantha (IVI = 18.24) as major herb species. burrows activity of both mongoose species was found highly associated with the Zizyphus mauritiana (50% and 46%, respectively). Average population density of small Indian mongoose was 7.91 ± 0.41 per km2 (by MNA) and 12.49 ± 0.4 per km2 (by AB method), whereas, that of grey mongoose was 7.17 ± 0.52 per km2 (by MNA) and 11.70 ± 0.33 per km2 (by AB method). Live trapped mongooses showed a sex ratio (M : F) of 0.73 (small Indian mongoose) and 0.78 (grey mongoose), indicating more female-biased population in the study area. Burrows depth and diameter as well as body measurements (body weight, body length and tail length) of the grey mongoose (n=72) were greater than those of the small Indian mongoose (n=72). Analysis of scat samples of the two mongoose species revealed hairs, feathers, insect body remains and plant matter and seeds along with some unidentified material. Identification of rodent prey species from recovered hairs showed that small Indian mongoose preys upon three different rodent species while the grey mongoose consumes five different rodent species in the study area. Insects consumed by both mongoose species belong to five different orders. Food niche breadth of the two species varied among different seasons of the year. Food niche overlap between the two species was found to be 0.95. The study concludes that the two sympatric mongoose species vary in their abundance along a gradient of human activity. Ecologically and morphologically, similar species (small Indian mongoose and grey mongoose) living in sympatry in the Pothwar Plateau partition their resources, though resources themselves may vary in time and space and in relation to extrinsic factors.