لیاقت علی خان
محرم کا مہینہ ہر سال مسلمانوں کے لئے پیام غم بھی لاتا ہے، اور حیات نو کی بشارت بھی، اس سال ایک نیا کوہِ الم اپنے ساتھ لایا، اور اسی مہینہ کی ۱۴؍ تاریخ کو کسی شقی نے لیاقت علی خان وزیراعظم پاکستان کی شمع حیات گل کردی ان کی شہادت تنہا پاکستان کا نہیں دنیائے اسلام کا نہایت درد انگیز سانحہ ہے۔ بدبخت قاتل نے ایک شخص کو نہیں مارا، بلکہ ملک و ملت کے ایک مضبوط ستون کو ڈھا کر اس کی پوری عمارت کو کمزور کرنے کی کوشش کی، اور ایک پوری قوم کو ماتم گسار بنادیا۔
لیاقت علی خان کی موت نے پاکستان کو ایک ایسے مدبر اور معمار قوم سے محروم کردیا، جس کا بدل بظاہر مدتوں ملنے کی امید نہیں، وہ غیر معمولی صلاحیتوں کے مالک بڑے مدبر، ہوشمند، یورپ کی سیاست اور بین الاقوامی سیاست کے ماہر اور ٹھنڈے دل و دماغ کے انسان تھے، قائداعظم کی وفات کے بعد انھوں نے جس کامیابی کے ساتھ پاکستان کو چلایا اور چند برسوں کے اندر اس نئی مملکت کو جس درجہ پر پہنچایا وہ ان کا بڑا کارنامہ اور ان کے تدبر اور ہوشمندی کا ایسا نمایاں ثبوت ہے جس کا اعتراف ساری دنیا نے کیا، اس لحاظ سے وہ معمارِ پاکستان تھے، ان کی شہادت نے ان کا درجہ اور بلند کردیا یہ سعادت عظمیٰ ہر شخص کا حصہ نہیں۔
ہر مدعی کے واسطے دار و رسن کہاں
انھوں نے اندرونی طور سے پاکستان کو مضبوط و مستحکم بنایا، بیرونی دنیا سے تعلقات پیدا کرکے اس کی خوشی منوائی، دنیائے اسلام سے ٹوٹے ہوئے رشتہ کو جوڑا اور ان کو ایک سلسلہ میں منسلک کرنے کی کوشش کی ہندوستان اور پاکستان کے تعلقات میں جب کوئی نازک موڑ آیا، تو اپنے اعتدال، توازن اور سلامت...
The period of the rightly guided caliphate is the best role model after the time of the Prophet of Islām, Muḥammad (S. A. W). The rightly guided caliphs crafted the best honest governing mechanism. They understood their commitment with their Lord, Allāh, and the people. They took up the responsibility for providing for the basic needs of their people, like food, shelter, education, peace, stipends of children, married and unmarried persons, social security and justice, etc. The caliphs would appoint the tax collectors, governors and other government officials on the basis of merit: their honesty, qualifications, experience, physical fitness, etc. Further, they, at the time of their appointment, would advise their officials in an open gathering to better use their abilities, resources and powers for the welfare of the masses. Moreover, the government prepared a list of the assets and the properties of their government officials at the time of their appointments. It they found, later, significant increase in the assets, it was investigated and asked for an explanation. If the officials failed to justify the means of the increase in their assets, the additional assets and properties were confiscated by government. In this research study, the author highlights the measures adopted by the rightly guided Caliphs to ensure honest conduct of affairs by the appointed officials of the government.
The date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is known for its multifacid properties sustaining human life in most of the Asian countries. The date palms in Arabian and Asian countries have been severely infested by a serious pest known as Red Palm Weevil (RPW) (Rhynchophorus ferrugeneus) Olivier (Coleoptera: Curculionidae: Rhynchophorinae) for the last three decades. In the present study, a survey was conducted in heavily infested areas of Pakistan. Our results show that RPW population increased in the months of March, April, May and June. There was a positive correlation between the RPW and temperature during 2014. However, relative humidity (RH) had an adverse impact on the RPW population. Maximum percent infestation was observed in Sindh (24.22%) and minimum in Baluchistan (8.16%). In an olfactometer based behavioral response study of the RPW, least antixenotic effect was displayed by a cultivar named as “Hillawi” with maximum attraction of R. ferrugineus adults (23.65±5%) while “Aseel” showed high antixenotic effect with maximum weevil’s attraction (13±3%). A perceptible general reduction in the different biochemical features and development has been observed under biotic pressure in all plants. In order to investigate the defense response in R. ferrugineus infested date palms, some common physiological indexes were determined. Level of antioxidants such as proline, MDA, ascorbic acid, catalase, peroxidase and soluble sugars increased in Hillawi & Aseel (12.03 & 9.4 μmole/g, 17.66 & 13.83 μmole/g, 7.06 & 6.06 μmole/liter, 0.756 & 0.663 μmole/mint/mg protein, 0.25 & 0.18 μmole/mint/gf wt and 60.33 & 50.01 μmole/mint/gf wt) upon infestation by R. ferrugineus. We also conducted DNA barcoding of R. ferrugineus and our sequencing results indictate no significant difference in the RPW weevils collected and phylogeny trees constructed by CO1 and ITS revealed that all the weevils tested showed not significant genetic variations with a similarity index of 99-100% with already reported from KSA (Mecca & Najran) and UAE. About 92% and 97% similarity with R. bilineatus and R. vulneratus respectively was observed. For the control of R. ferrugineus, we used different two nematode strains (S. carpocapsae and H. bacteriophora) and one fungus (B. bassiana), resulted a tremendous increase in the larval, prepupal and pupal duration of RPW. However, adult life span and weight were deceased. Diet consumption and frass production were also reduced with the combined applications of EPN and EPF. We have studied the level of insecticide resistance against cypermethrin caused by P450 genes in population of RPW collected from various regions of Pakistan. Results indicate that resistance level in the R. ferrugineus population was significantly different in the different laboratory populations (7.32, 4.30, 15.51 and 1.98 in FP, FK, FS and FB respectively) upon the knockdown of P450 gene with resistance level up to 178.5 folds in the LR (G6) by using dsRNA applications. The gene expression was further verified by checking the protein expression through western blotting. RNAi based silencing of CYP450 proved as a successful management tool against RPW.