The Perception of Manobo Tribe on Different Aspects of Life: Their Effects on the Living and Social Conditions in San Luis, Agusan Del Sur

The study attempted to determine the perception of the Manobo tribe and their effect on their living and social conditions in Barangay Sta. Ines, San Luis Agusan del Sur. The descriptive method was used in this study describes the perception among the Manobo tribe on different aspects of life: their living and social conditions.  This study was conducted in barangay Sta. Ines, san Luis Agusan Del Sur.  There were only 195 of them who were taken as the respondents and researcher used the standardized questionnaire which were taken from the book of Mendez and used by the previous researchers. Hence, no validation was needed.  The random sampling design was used in this study in selecting the respondents. On the level of perception among the Manobo tribe, the Manobos agree on their belief in god as supported with the total average weighted mean ranging from 2.01 to 2.73 or agree.  They strongly agree to get involved in social gathering as evidenced with total weighted mean of 2.21 or agree.  They strongly agree on good aspiration as evidenced with average weighted mean of 2.71 or agree.  They agree on the family practices as supported with the average weighted mean of 2.45 or agree.  They strongly agree on good family upbringing accompanied with an average weighted mean of 2.57 or strongly agree.  They also strongly agree on how to treat visitors accompanied with an average weighted mean of 2.79 or strongly agree. On the living conditions, the Manobos rank 1 that they do not depend their main source of income but they work hard to have additional income for their family needs.  They also rank 1 that their house is made up of wood, Nipa and bamboos for the shelter of their family and the Manobo rank 1 that they usually used herbal for their natural medicine but they send the sick person to the hospital for the health of the family. On the social conditions, the Manobos strongly agree to establish a neighborhood relationship with an average weighted mean of 2.78 or strongly agree.  They also agree to establish kinship relationship and community relationship as indicated with an average weighted mean of 2.84 and 2.78 or strongly agree respectively. On the effect of perception on different aspects of life, belief in God, social; gathering, family practices, family upbringing and aspiration are best predictors in the financial condition of Manobo.  Aspiration, family practices, treating visitors, wedding practices and social gathering are best predictors in neighborhood relationship.  Wedding practices, treating visitors, aspiration, family practices, social gathering, family upbringing and belief in God as the best predictors in kinship relationship Family upbringing, aspiration, and family practices are best predictors in community relationship.

Effect of Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria and Integrated Use of Organic and Inorganic P-Fertilizers on Wheat

The impact of integrated phosphorus (P) management and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) on wheat crop was assessed in field experiments at Agronomy Research Farm, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar-Pakistan, for two consecutive years (2015-16 and 2016-17). Two factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) with 4 replications was used in the experiments. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (with and without) and integration of mineral and organic P sources i.e. single superphosphate (SSP), poultry manure (PM) and farmyard manure (FYM) were tested in the experiments. The rate of phosphorus (75 kg ha-1) was maintained in all plots. Sole application of SSP produced maximum tillers m-2 (345) with earlier heading (110 days) and maturity (140 days) stage. More organic matter (1.19%), N (0.083%), P (4.30 mg kg-1), K (128.9 mg kg-1) and lower pH (7.64) of the soil were detected in plots treated with 100% P from FYM. Among P management ratios, 50% P from SSP + 50% P from PM or FYM had better impact on wheat crop than other ratios as well as sole application of FYM, PM and SSP. Significantly taller plants (98.8 cm) with maximum crop growth rate (17.1 g m-2 day-1), leaf area tiller-1 (118.5 cm2), leaf area index (3.98), spikes m-2 (297), grains spike-1 (48.9), thousand grains weight (42.98 g), biological yield (12391 kg ha-1), grain yield (4367 kg ha-1), harvest index (35.2%), grain N concentration (2.05%), straw N concentration (0.38%), crude protein (12.82 %), straw P concentration (0.17%), grain P concentration (0.38%), straw P uptake (13.7 kg ha-1), grain P uptake (16.5 kg ha-1), total P uptake (30.2 kg ha-1) and phosphorus use efficiency (25.3%) was recorded in wheat crop by the application of 50% P from PM + 50% from SSP. Enhanced leaves, stem, spikes and total dry weight (106.0, 419.8, 111.5 and 637.3 g m-2 respectively at heading stage and 78.8, 521.6, 643.8 and 1244.2 g m-2 respectively at physiological maturity stage) was maintained by wheat plants at 50% P from PM + 50% from SSP. Phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) significantly improved plant height (95.8 cm), leaf area tiller-1 (110.5 cm2), leaf area index (3.65), crop growth rate (16.3 g m-2 day-1), total tillers m-2 (328), spikes m-2 (276), grains spike-1 (46.7), thousand grains weight (41.47 g), grain yield (4014 kg ha-1), biological yield (11754 kg ha-1), harvest index (34.1%), grain N concentration (1.78 %), crude protein (11.15 %), straw P concentration (0.16 %), grain P concentration (0.36%), straw P uptake (12.5 kg ha-1), grain P uptake (14.6 kg ha-1), total P uptake (27.1 kg ha-1), phosphorus use efficiency (22.0 %), soil organic matter (1.04 %) and soil total P (3.69 mg kg-1). PSB application maintained higher leaves, stem, spike and total dry weight (103.7, 406.6, 109.2 and 619.5 g m-2 respectively) at heading stage and leaves, stem, spike and total dry weight (75.5, 495.8, 618.2 and 1189.5 g m-2 respectively) at physiological maturity stage. Delayed heading (114 days) and physiological maturity (144 days) with high soil pH (7.66) was recorded in plots not sown with PSB treated seeds. It is concluded that PSB in combination with 50% P from SSP + 50% from PM or FYM performed better as far as growth, yield characteristics and yield of wheat and in this manner prescribed for higher productivity of wheat crop in the agro climatic state of Peshawar-Pakistan.