13مئی یوم عزم
جس دن صحافیوں کو کوڑے مارے گئے ۔13مئی 1978 ء کی شام لاہور کے تین نوجوان صحافیوں کو فوجی حکومت کے حکم پر برہنہ کر کے پندرہ کوڑے مارے گئے تو انہوں نے اپنے دانت بھینچ لیے تھے اور درد کی آواز دبا لی تھی ۔انہوں نے فوجی دہشت سے خوفزدہ ہو نے سے انکار کر دیا تھا ۔ شام آٹھ بجے لاہور کوٹ لکھپت جیل کے میدان میں تین برہنہ آدمیوں کو لا کر ان کے ہاتھ پائوں ایک ٹکٹکی کے تختے سے باندھ دیے گئے ۔ایک پہلوان نما آدمی چمڑے کے کوڑے کو گھماتادور سے بھاگتا ہوا ان آدمیوں کے قریب آ تا اور ان کے اجسام پر پانچ پانچ بار اپنا کوڑا برساتا ۔ٹکٹکی کے سامنے کچھ دور تقریباََسو باوردی فوجی اہلکار اور سول سرکاری اہلکار کرسیوں پر بیٹھے دنیا کے اس منفرد واقعہ کا تماشا دیکھ رہے تھے ۔جس میں پاکستان کے تین صحافیوں کو پریس کے خلاف فوجی اقدامات پر احتجاج کر نے کے جرم میں کوڑوںکی سزا دی گئی ۔جن تین صحافیوں کے جسم پر ضیاء الحق کے کوڑے پڑے ان میں ایک چوبیس سالہ نوجوان اور روزنامہ کے سب ایڈیٹر خاور نعیم ہاشمی تھے ۔وہ اپنے اس دور کی یادوں کو کچھ یوں بیان کرتے ہیں ۔’’یہ جنرل ضیاء الحق کے مارشل لاء کا ابتدائی زمانہ تھا جنہوں نے 5جولائی 1977ء کو وزیر اعظم ذوالفقار علی بھٹو کومعزول کر کے اقتدار سنبھالا تھا ۔بیس سے زیادہ اخبارات اور رسائل مارشل لاء حکومت کی پالیسیوں کی مخالفت کر نے کی وجہ سے بند کر دیے گئے تھے اور تمام اخبارات پر سخت سنسر شپ عائد تھی ۔ان میں پیپلز پارٹی کا ترجمان اخبار روزنامہ مساوات بھی شامل تھا ۔خاور نعیم ہاشمی مساوات اخبار میں کام کرتے تھے ۔ان کا کہنا ہے کہ پریس پر...
This Paper analyses the causes of the domestic violence against female beggars and their impacts on their lives. The paper is strictly limited to Taluka Qasimabad, District Hyderabad. The domestic violence against women exits in various forms. However, it is pretty horrible in the form being inflicted against female beggars in Qasimabad. The scores of causes for the domestic violence against female beggars range from rising poverty to population explosions with deep physical and mental impacts on the sufferers. For data collection qualitative research through Focused Group discussion method has been used through snow ball technique. 10 Cases of female beggars have been opted for the FGDs out of which two participated with their social backgrounds. The study concludes the pathetic condition of the female beggars due to multiple factors and their serious implications both physically as well as mentally. The study recommends prompt action from the Government as well as social scientist to go deep further in the social issues such as violence against the female beggars. Simultaneously there is immediate intervention of Government and the concerned department to address these issues on emergent basis as the number is likely to reach an alarming level.
The present study was aimed to extract, fractionate, isolate and standardize the chemical constituents from the plant, Quercus incana, in order to find out their phytochemical and pharmacological mode of action, so as to discover a new source for potentially active constituents used for the benefits of mankind. Quercus incana, which is a large evergreen tree belongs to family Fagaceae. The Fagaceae is a large plant family found in Asia, North America and Europe. Quercus incana has been used in different ailments such as diarrhea, neurosis, pyrexia, dysentery, pain, inflammation and burns healing in conventional medicines. It is also employed to treat gonorrhea and used as an astringent, diuretic, and various nervous disorders all over the world including Pakistan. In the present research work, the plant Quercus incana was explored for its chemical constituents using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques for potentially new and therapeutically active agents. The bark portion was selected for isolation, on the basis of preliminary pharmacological activities and its common use by the local people and Hakims and Tabibs in different ailments. Some activities were performed on fruit extract also. Crude extract of bark and fruit of Quercus incana and the new compound isolated from bark were screened for various in-vitro and in-vivo biological activities like antibacterial, anti oxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory etc, inorder to give scientific background to various ethnomedicinal applications of the plant which will lead to safe, therapeutic, effective and economical way of treatment of different diseases and to examine and analyze the chemical composition of the plant. For the isolation of pure secondary metabolites, the ethyl acetate fraction (obtained from crude methanolic extract of the bark) was subjected to column chromatography. The structures of purified compounds were elucidated by using various sophisticated spectroscopic techniques i.e, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, NOESY, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, UV, IR and EI-MS. The plant was found to be a new source of six compounds such as, betulinic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid methyl ester(z-form), gallic acid, gallic ester, b-sitosterol glucoside, and quercitin. Three known compounds like β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, and lupeol were also isolated. Quercuschin, which was a completely new compound was discovered for the first time from this plant source. Results of in-vivo biological studies reveal that the plant possesses very good property of producing peripheral and central analgesia. The data obtained from different experiments supports the use of the plant in relieving fever, and treating inflammatory conditions. The different in-vitro activities of new compound were conclusive of the fact that the plant is a good natural antioxidant and can be used to treat various bacterial and fungal infections. The isolation work done on the plant (bark) of Quercus incana yielded 10 compounds. In these 10 compounds, 7 were reported for first time from this plant species : THESE WERE , betulinic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester(z-form), gallic acid, gallic ester, b-sitosterol glucoside,quercitin , and one compound NAMELY Quercuschin: was absolutely new and was never reported before from any source AND was discovered for the first time from this plant source. 3 compounds were KNOWN compounds: NAMELY β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, and lupeol, Findings of this research project, especially the biological activities of chemical constituents of the plant, strongly support the folkloric uses of the plant and its applications in traditional treatment. The isolated compounds strengthen these activities. However, further comprehensive research work on the crude extract as well as on isolated compounds is needed to explore and identify lead compounds of clinical effectiveness for the development of new drugs in order to strengthen the field of drug discovery.