حکیم شیر محمد شیر(۱۸۷۴۔۱۹۶۰) داغ دہلوی کے شاگرد اور لسان الاعجاز پنڈت میلا رام وفا کے استاد گرامی تھے۔ اقبال کی طرح آپ بھی خط و کتابت کے ذریعے مرزا خاں داغ دہلوی سے شاعری میں اصلاح لیتے تھے۔ داغ کی وفات کے بعد آپ نے سید احمد حسن میرٹھی کو اپنا کلام دکھانا شروع کر دیا۔ آپ کا کلام ہندوستان کے معروف رسائل میں چھپتا رہا۔ تین ضخیم دیوان لکھے مگر انہیں غربت کی وجہ سے شائع نہ کروا سکے۔ (۱۵۷) شیر نے غزلیں بہت کم لکھی ہیں۔ نظم‘ قصیدہ‘ مرثیہ‘ سلام اور صنف تاریخ کو تو وہ بچوں کا کھیل خیال کرتے تھے۔ بہت کوشش کے باوجود شیر کے مسودات دریافت نہیں ہو سکے۔ ’’سرزمینِ ظفر وال‘‘ کے تذکرے کے ذریعے راقم الحروف نے شیر کا کچھ کلام بازیاب کیا ہے۔ آپ نے اپنی ساری زندگی اپنے آبائی وطن ظفر وال(سیالکوٹ) میں گزاری۔ آپ کے کلام میں دیگر موضوعات کے ساتھ ساتھ مقامیت کے عناصر دیکھے جا سکتے ہیں۔ اس حوالے سے ان کی نظم ’’قصبہ ظفر وال‘‘ ملاحظہ کی جا سکتی ہے۔ اس نظم میں مقامیت کے ساتھ ساتھ ماضی و حال‘ تقسیمِ ہند اور ہندوستانی تہواروں کا ذکر بھی ملتا ہے۔ اس نظم کی زبان بہت سادہ اور سلیس ہے کچھ اشعار ملاحظہ ہوں:
اب ظفر وال ہے شکستہ حال آ گیا ہے اس آئینہ میں بال
رہ گیا ہے صرف عکس مو اس میں خوبیاں ہیں نہ خوبرو اس میں
چشمہ مہر میں وہ آب نہیں خم گردوں میں وہ شراب نہیں
وہ زمیں اب وہ آسمان نہ رہا ہم نے دیکھا تو جو سماں نہ رہا
حسنِ شہری سے یہ جا محروم اکثر اوقات بولتا ہے بوم
رہ گیا ماند قصبہ جاتی حسن ملگجا ہے کچھ دیہاتی حسن
نہیں سیپوں...
It is no coincidence that the researcher in history, especially the history
of the Algerian revolution, finds a missing link in the history of the Algerian
revolution, which we call the history of what history has neglected.
Intentionally, or unintentionally, the archives of Algeria in France, Pax-
Provence, or others, or even with some Algerian families, who still hide their
archives from researchers? a question that the Algerian researcher will
answer to show the truth with documents. Similar to this document, which
deals with a topic, in which scientific material was scarce, which is related
to the revolution’s strategy to abort and eliminate French projects, the
strategy of the National Liberation Army to adapt to the situation consisted
in sabotaging French transportation routes, especially railways, in order to
destroy France’s economy as well as When she wanted to isolate the people
from their revolution, by building barbed wire at the level of the East and
West.
I explored the impact of the 1997, English VT programme on English language teachers, in terms of how the programme affected their classroom practices. This study revealed the programme's indirect impact on other teachers through the VTs sharing of their learning experiences with their colleagues. I explored the familiarity of the VT's with language teaching approaches, and I concluded that both the teachers I worked with were generally familiar with four major language teaching approaches. Nighat was familiar with three approaches, but was not clear about the fourth. Shama could not explain the approaches by specific names, but she appeared to be practising these approaches in her classroom. In regard to the four language skills, the study revealed that Nighat was clearly familiar with the term integration, as she immediately used the term integration in talking about her teaching. Shama did not use the term integration, but her practice in the real situation in the classroom suggested that she knew how to teach language through integration. In regard to the component of teaching grammar communicatively, both Nighat and Shama were clearly familiar with the term and this was evident not only by their informal discourse about teaching grammar communicatively, but also by observation. The study also revealed that Nighat and Shama were capable of analysing as well as evaluating the syllabi and textbooks, and of enriching both of these, through the creation of their own worksheets and activity sheets. The teachers also derived benefit from the component of the teaching practice in the VT programme. Their classroom practices revealed that the teachers did benefit from the component of teaching practice and that they continued with the significant events of teaching practice such as, teaching the syllabus communicatively, providing positive feedback to their colleagues and teaching of vocabulary by associating them with ideas. The teachers also benefited from the coverage of assessment. Both Nighat and Shama seemed familiar with alternative assessment practices. Nighat however, could not implement these because of the constraints of board examinations, but she was able to assist her other colleagues in designing assessment sheets. Shama seemed to implement these alternative assessment practices. The study suggested that both the teachers were familiar with the term reflection and reflective teaching. They were also aware of the benefits of writing reflective Dissertation Abstracts MEd III Class of 1999 18 journals. The study also revealed that Nighat and Shama had shared