ROLE OF KINESIOPHOBIA ON PAIN, DISABILITY AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC LOW BACK PAIN: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

Background and Aim: The majority of people suffered with low back pain (LBP) at least once during their lifetime. As such, LBP is a highly prevalent and costly condition. People respond inappropriately as a result of current or possible risks and establish defensive habits (for example, hyper-vigilance) that aim at avoiding new injuries. A continued reconciling of studies which provide various answers for the same issue will be necessary for treatment decisions. This study is performed to conclude the function of Kinesiophobia and check it on   Pain, Disability and Quality of Life in Patients that are suffering from Chronic Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review. Methodology: A Systematic Review has been conducted. Secondary data collected from Electronic database including PubMed, Medline and Cochrain Library from inception to 2010. Total 554 Article found out of which 10 articles included in the study after excluding the duplicate article, Quality screening through Pedro Scale, and article don’t fulfilling the inclusion criteria of the study. Review completed within 9 months after approval of synopsis. Results: According to this Review total Sample size was 554 with mean Sample size 130±90, mean Age 46±5 years, Mean of Pain Intensity (VAS 0-10) 6.12±1.5, mean Pain Duration 30±14, mean Kinesiophobia Measures (Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia 0-68) 37±6.5, mean Disability (Oswestry Disability Index 0-100%) 56±27, mean Quality of Life (SF 36 0-100) 39.17±15.197.  Conclusion: TSK scores showed a statistically significant correlation with Pain, Disability, education level, and SF-36 QOL. As the education level decreases, kinesiophobia scores increase and as kinesiophobia scores increase, Level of disability increases and the quality of life decreases. Patients with kinesiophobia presented greater pain intensity, a greater fear of movement and of performing physical activities and it was also associated with worse quality of life.

Impact of Workers Remittances on Economic Growth: Evidence from Pakistan

The underlying study intends to show the impact of workers' remittances on the short and long run economic growth of Pakistan. Workers' remittance inflow characterizes a mechanism for capital transfer from developed countries to under developed countries, and workers' remittance inflow is considered the second-largest external funding source, behind Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) for developing countries like Pakistan. In this study, in order to scrutinize the deeper dynamics of workers' remittances on economic growth mechanism of Pakistan, along this line, the study looks into the following areas: (I) to examine the direct long & short term relationship between workers' remittances and real economic growth, (II) to estimate the long and short run impact of worker's remittances with some addition of policy variables (inflation, exchange rate, trade openness, secondary school enrollment , unemployment rate) on real economic growth of Pakistan. By using the ARDL approach for the period 1973-2010. The findings suggest that there is strong positive long run as well as the short run relationship exists between workers' remittance inflow and real economic growth. Therefore, the government should realize effective macro-economic policies along with momentous improvements in the structure and functioning systems of governance for stabilizing economic growth along their determinants and given the important role of remittance, the key challenge for the government is to provide incentives to attract more remittances sent through official channels and ensure their productive use.