The Lung Mass and Nodule: A Case Series The Lung Mass and Nodule

Lung mass is an abnormal region of 3 cm or more in size present in the lungs mainly due to underlying pulmonary caner. It is usually round, opaque and poorly differentiated on X-ray. Common etiological key players are smoking, exposure to asbestos, radon, however, familial history may also play a role. We presented retrospectively7 cases of lung mass and nodule encountered during our clinical practice. We have discussed their clinical presentation, manifestation, medical history, radiological findings and differential diagnosis. In this case series, most of the patients were young, only 2 cases were older patients. There was one infant one month old, one female child 12 years old, one female 25 years, 2 males, 22 and 21 years, one male of 50 years and another male of 60 years age. Correct diagnosis on the basis of clinical profile, radiological findings and histology may help in proper management and hence, timely treatment of the patient

Cultural Drivers of Plant Biodiversity of District Tor Ghar

Interactions between people and plant diversity are indispensable. Ethnobiology explores such interactions in a scientific way to unearth the reality that cultureand plant diversity of a region influences each other in a reciprocal manner. Relations between plants and people are much stronger in remote cultural societies. District Tor Ghar is one of such remote and rugged mountainous region of the western Himalayas that has historically established tribal cultural values, traditions and customs. There is no evidence of previous qualitative or quantitative ethnobotanical research that tells something about culture of the region. Present PhD project was initiated by selecting a total of 43 villages from 5 tribal belts (Basikhel, Nusratkhel, Akazai, Hasanzai and Madakhel) using random table number method. 732 informants of all age groups were interviewed via semi-structured questionnaire method during the years 2012 and 2013. Group discussions, Ethnobotanical Participatory Appraisal (EPA) and extensive field visits were also arranged. Quantitative ethnobotanical techniques i.e., Informant Consensus Factor (ICF), Cultural Importance Index (CI), mean Cultural Importance Index (mCI) and Cultural Importance of Families (CIF) were used to report cultural diversity among 5 tribes of the region. The conservation stata of all culturally significant plant species were also assessed quantitatively by developing first time a special mathematical relation i.e., CS =K (OC+AV+CE)/TF x RPwhich was in harmony with IUCN criteria. Cluster Analysis (CA), Two Ways Cluster Analysis (TWCA) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA) were appliedtodraw and understand cultural gradient of the ethno-ecologically important species of the region using robust software packages PCORD version 5& CANACO version 4.5.Our findings show that 295 species of vascular plants providing 33 cultural services in the form of food, medicine, fodder, timber wood, fuel, cosmetics, aesthetic, spiritual and veterinary etc.Assessment of conservation status via newly developed formula confirmed 20 species as critically endangered, 35 as endangered, 56 as vulnerable, 58 near threatened (rare) and 126 least concerned(Secure). The use of multivariate statistics brought forward a pattern in large multivariate data sets to a presentable and structurally recognizable form. Findings based on CA, TWCA and DCA showed a cultural gradient among the various tribes of the region. There is a significant correlation on the plant use pattern and conservation management of Basikhel to Nusratkhel and Akazai to Hasanzai while a significant diversity of such patterns exist between Madakhel and the remaining tribes.The current study contributes to an enhanced understanding of ecosystem services in the Tor Ghar, cultural uses of mountain vegetation within the context of anthropogenic impacts and the role of indigenous culture in regional plant conservation strategies and priorities.