تم کو جو ہمیں ملنے کی فرصت نہیں ملتی
لگتا ہے کہ اب ہم سے طبیعت نہیں ملتی
بے چین جو رہتا ہوں تو صد شکر ہے یارو!
درویش کو دنیا میں تو راحت نہیں ملتی
اور ملنا کسی کا بھی ہے دشوار ہی تب تک
جب تک کہ ضرورت سے ضرورت نہیں ملتی
تب تک نہ غمِ ہجر کا کچھ ہو گا مداوا
جب تک کہ ہمیں آپ کی قربت نہیں ملتی
تائب جی تمنائوں کو پڑتا ہے مٹانا
یوں بار گہِ عشق میں عزت نہیں ملتی
Here are two opposing views of scholars and different religions regarding the permission or non-permission of war on the basis of honor and lawfulness of human life. The Hindus and Jews legalize war, whereas the Buddhists and Christians consider it illegal. Islam follows the middle path and attributes the legality of war to its purpose because only the purpose tells the righteousness or wrongfulness of any deed. Islam has prevented from all those purposes that eliminate the cause of Allah Almighty from war. Islam does not legalize war for any worldly purpose so the pursuit of fame, kingship, booty, conquering another land or national or personal revenge is not legal. Jihad has been enjoined for the elimination of hurdles in the path of Allah. It clarifies the policy of Islam that war is not an end but it is a means to an end. Today the west is doing propaganda against Islam that Islam spread through sword and the concept of jihad is being related to terrorism. The purposes of jihad should be kept in mind in order to understand the philosophy of jihad. The aim of this paper is to highlight the purposes of jihad and its importance. Views of various scholars have been observed in this study along with references from Quran and Hadith.
Phytoremediation is a cost-effective and environment-friendly technology that uses plants to clean up environment from different types of pollutants including heavy metals. The technology is now established in the temperate regions and industrialized countries, however its use in the tropics and developing countries is very limited. The aim of the present study was to evaluate growth and phytoremediation potential of some crop plants for Cadmium (Cd), Copper (Cu) and Nickel (Ni). The crop cultivars of three major crops Zea mays L. (H-919, Rifhan-2995, Vaxy), Helianthus annuus L. (Hysun-33, Hysun-38, NK-278) and Triticum aestivum L. (Bhakar-02, Fareed-06, Inqlab-91, Sahar-06 and Shafaq-06) were exposed to varying concentrations of metals i.e., 0, 25, 50 and 100mg kg-1 of soil. The experiments were conducted in pots placed in a wire netting green house at the Botanic Gardens, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan in a Complete Randomized manner. The growth potential was evaluated using morphological and biochemical attributes as predictors while phytoremediation potential was appraised through metal accumulation and uptake by below and above ground plant tissues. The results for morphological attributes clearly depicted reduction in biomass of root and shoot, plant height and leaf area. The crop cultivars also exhibited a decline in photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total). However, leaf carotenoids showed a marked increase in response to Nickel levels in Z. mays and H. annuus cultivars. The metal contents increased in a dose dependent manner consistently in both roots and shoots but metal accumulation was more profound in roots than shoots of the plants. The results suggested that presence of cadmium, copper and nickel in the growth medium had caused a major reduction in all parameters studied for three crops and their cultivars responded differentially to heavy metals. Moreover, accumulation of metals in roots and its subsequent translocation to shoots also indicated potential of crops to extract metal contents from the soil without influencing their early establishment. A cultivar of Carthamus tinctorius L. (US- 10) was used as model cultivar to reveal antioxidant potential of crops to heavy metal stress that depicted a drastic increase in catalase (CAT), super oxidase dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) levels. As far as activity of antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase and superoxide dismutase) is concerned it became evident that oxidative defense strategy to mitigate toxic effects of metals is present in the species. The performance of the species appeared in an order maize>sunflower>wheat. However among the cultivars of three crops Vaxy for maize, Hysun-33 for sunflower and Shafaq-06 for wheat showed a better threshold for metal toxicity. Nevertheless, intraspecific response also varied widely and no consistency can be ascertained for attributes, metals, levels, crops and cultivars except for maize which can be a crop of choice for metal contaminated soil. The study further necessitated to address insights of the molecular mechanisms that exist in juvenile plants because only tolerant juveniles are able to produce tolerant adults and vegetative success always leads to reproductive success. Moreover, the inter and intraspecific responses of crop plants thus can provide useful information for the economic utilization of metal contaminated sites as well as their exploitation for phytoremediation technologies without affecting their growth potential and early establishment.