تصوف کی حقیقت اور اس پرہونے والے چند اعتراضات کاعلمی جائزہ

Mysticism is the practice of religious ecstasies, together with whatever ideologies, ethics, rights, legends, and magic may be related to them. It may also refer to the attainment of insight in ultimate or hidden truth, and to human transformation supported by various practices and experiences. Sufism also known as Tasawwuf variously defined as Islamic mysticism. The inward dimension of Islam is mysticism in Islam characterized by particular values, ritual practices, doctrines and institutions which began very early in Islamic history and represents "the main manifestation and the most important and central crystallization of mystical practice in Islam. Practitioners of Sufism have been referred to as "Sufis". Sufis have been characterized by their asceticism, especially by their attachment to dhikr, the practice of remembrance of god, often performed after prayers. This article describes of the reality and fact of mysticism, its verbal and literal meanings, and its historical background and also describes its regional division and causes of Tasawwuf. It also analyses of the objections and its answers of which occurred on it.

Legal Aspects of Sense of Capability Mens Rea to Actus Reus As the Main Cause of Crimes

1. Crime is the byproduct of a social life, which emerges with establishment of social setups. The first known crime is the murder of ‘Abel’ by ‘Cain’ to get a benefit made for the former. Many criminologists suggest that crimes in a society are like diseases in a body. Science has proven that the attacking germs like virus or bacteria may be present in a body but the diseases only appear when the effecting germs find conducive and favorable environment for them. Similarly there may be many reasons that would motivate a person to commit a crime but crime is only committed when the executor finds suitable situation and considers himself capable of it. 2. Criminologists have found many grounds that lead to commission of crimes like deviation from religious teachings, free will, hereditary linkage, physical and mental conditions of culprits, family life, cultural and social environments, atmosphere of training and working places and the poverty. Everyone has tried to prove his/her philosophy through research and experiments upon the criminal behavior. However, most of these theories have been negated by one way or the other and work is still going on. 3. Critical study of the above theories reveals that beside other factor, the crime is not committed until a criminal assumes capability for commission of crime, as observed by Goethe, “there is no crime of which I do not deem myself capable”. Hence, there appears a common single factor that covers nearly all aspects applicable in all cases, at all the times and for all criminals in every society; the ‘Sense of Capability’ which enables persons to commit crimes. To bring a criminal to the task it is necessary that the guilt is to be established beyond any reasonable doubt that requires three elements; Mens Rea of the accused, the preparations made and the Actus Reus. Sense of capability or mental readiness specifically lies in preparation stage which is established through evidence. 4. Whether sense of capability can be considered as a main factor in crime causation is needed to be proved. It is a vast field of study wherein many opinions and rulings have be given by the peers of criminal behavior studies. In this thesis only “Legal aspects of ‘sense of capability’ (Mens Rea to Actus Reus) as the main cause of crimes” are being discussed.