حوالہ کا فقہی تصور اور اس کی جدید صورتیں

This article is divided in to two sections: the first one; is to study of Ḥawāla according to Fiqhi rules, i.e. Its definition, conditions, its qualities and its specifications. In the second part, Ḥawāla is discussed according to application of the Bank, and its practical forms in different institutions. Ḥawāla is a contract in which a party or a person transfers his debt from his risk to another party or another person. Ḥawāla is used for different purposes, for example, bill of exchange, Financial Papers and different Banking accounts. This paper also discusses the difference between Ḥawāla and wakālah, Ḥawāla and Kafāla, and also Ḥawāla and Debt. Therefore, analysis, about Ḥawāla is very essential and many studies have been done on it. Furthermore, it will also critically provide their textual evidence and rational arguments in order to reach a financial juristic judgment. Ḥawāla is used in credit card, discounting of bill of exchange, etc. At the end the paper discusses its conclusion and offers some requests and suggestions.

Evaluating the Efficacy of Compacted Clay Liner Ccl for Arid/Semiarid Region

Geotechnical applications are useful for environmental protection of surface as well as ground water by liner system. Use of clay soils in constructing low permeability liners that covers waste containment is common and cost effective. In arid and semi-arid regions, desiccation and shrinkage cracking adversely affect the integrity of compacted clay liners. The technique and methodology of combining sand, cement, polyethylene chips with medium plastic soil was used for the first time in Pakistan. A mixture of sand, cement and polyethylene chips in different proportions with medium plastic clay has been proposed to reduce the shrinkage potential of medium plastic clay. The basic purpose of this soil modification is to control the volumetric shrinkage of medium plastic clay. The polyethylene bags from garbage dumps were reused for making polyethylene chips, which will not only reduce environmental hazardous waste but also provide a useful additive for controlling soil shrinkage. It was hypothesized that combined effect of sand, cement and polyethylene chips would control the shrinkage potential of soil. The study entails characterization of soil, interaction with synthetic leachate, soil treatment in two phases and effect of leachate on treated soil. About three hundred specimens through forty five different combinations of sand, cement and recycled polyethylene chips were used to optimize volumetric shrinkage and compressive strength properties of soil. The study also evaluates the effect of synthetic leachate on soil samples. Microstructural analysis including Energy Dispersive X-Ray, X-Ray Diffraction and Scanning Electronic Microscopy were used to evaluate the efficacy of treated soil. The combination of additives with medium plastic soil not only reduced the volumetric shrinkage and permeability but also improved the unconfined compressive strength of treated soil. Regression based statistical analysis results revealed that fair correlation exists between mixture of medium plastic clay, sand, cement, polyethylene chips and volumetric shrinkage.