عربی لفظ ’تانیث‘’تانیثیت‘سے مشتق انگریزی متبادل’Feminism‘لاطینی اصطلاح ‘Femina’ کا مترادف ہے۔ معنیٰ ومفہوم تَحرِيکِ نِسواں ، نَظَرِيَہ ،حَقُوقِ نِسواں اور نِسوانِيَت کے ہیں۔عتیق اللہ رقم طراز ہیں’’تانیثیت کا موقف اُس عورت کوDeconstructکرناہے جو اپنی ذات ہی سے بے خبر نہیں تھی بلکہ اس سماجی تہذیبی منظر نامے سے بھی نا بلد تھی جس کے جبرنے اُسے مجہول حقیقت میں بدل کر رکھ دیا تھا۔‘‘(عتیق اللہ ،تعصّبات ،ایم ۔آر۔پبلی کیشنز،ص۱۱۳، نئی دہلی،۲۰۰۵)
تانیثیت ایسی تحریک ہے جس میں لڑکی کی پیدائش سے موت تک در پیش ہونے والے مسائل حل کرنےسے متعلق جو کوششیں کی جا رہی ہیں وہی ثانیثیت ہے۔اس کادائرہ بہت وسیع ہے۔اردو ادب میں بھی متعددخواتین قلم کاروں نے تانیثی فکر کو موضوع بنایا ۔جن کے چند اہم نام اللّہ عارفہ،عصمت چغتائی،قرۃ العین حیدر،فہمیدہ ریاض،پروین شاکر، کشورناہید، شہنازنبی، فرخندہ نسرین، شفیق فاطمہ،ساجدہ زیدی،سارہ شگفتہ،رفیعہ شبنم عابدی،بلقیس ظفیرالحسن،صالحہ عابد حسین،ترنم ریاض اور عنبری رحمٰن قابل ذکر ہیں جنہوں نے خواتین کی نجی زندگی اور سماج میں ان کا صحیح مقام دلانے کے لیے بذریعہ تخلیقات احتجاج کیا۔
“نسائی شعور دراصل مابعد جدید پوسٹ ماڈرن رویوں کے آگہی کا نام ہے جوہماری فکر کا مکمل حصہ نہیں بن سکا کیوں کہ ہماری قدریں روایتی طورپر مردوں کی فکر کی تابع رہی ہیں،ان میں عورت کا حصہ نہ ہونے کےبرابر ہے اب صورت حال یہ ہے کہ عورتیں مرد کی حاکمیت اور ان کےتابع رسم و رواج سے آزاد ہو کر اپنے آپ کو اس آئینے میں دیکھ رہی ہیں جو ان کا اور ان سے متعلق معاشرے کا سچا اور اصلی روپ سامنے لاسکے۔)کراچی ،اکادمی بازیافت،جنوری تا جون،2003ء،ص21) (ضمیر علی بدایوانی ،فاطمہ حسن ،نسائیت کی تحریک اور اردو ادب،مکالمہ ،(کتابی سلسلہ(10)
اردو میں مختلف ادبی تحریکات،رجحانات اور نظریات کی طرح تانیثیت نے بھی نثر ونظم میں اپنی ایک...
The question of the end of morality is certainly as old as moral speculation itself. It is this question that prompted Aristotle speculating on moral or character virtue. Moral question is properly a human question since only human beings are expected to act in a given way and are subject to praise and reward or blame and punishment. We should remember that also God and angels are expected to act in a given way, but that would, strictly speaking, be the subject of moral theology and revelation, since without revelation depending only on reason, we cannot examine the acts of God and angels in order to determine how they should act. In short, it is only human beings who can be judged to act morally or immorally if we depend only on human reason, without the support of revelation. In the whole work, Stuart Mills and Jeremy Bentham stick on happiness, though each differ in approaches. Consequentialists are after the greatest happiness of the greatest number, by advocating on the struggle to that which may make man happy and avoid evil by all means. Aristotle on his side is on eudaimonism, where man is found to be happy but moral happy. Happiness for Aristotle should be reasonable, morally good and means should be maintained. This research is analytical by nature, where both qualitative and analytical methods have been implemented throughout the work. The work has been successful though some challenges could not be avoided. Finally, in doing or acting, man should observe virtue; and this is always doing good and avoiding evil.
Behavioral finance is an emerging field and limited work has been done in this field in the developing countries. This field of study comes into play when the traditional rational theories fail to explain the abnormalities in the market behavior. It incorporates human psychology and sociology to explain market anomalies. In this study, one specific market behavior, disposition effect, is analyzed, which is driven by human psychology. The disposition effect is the tendency of investors to sell winning stocks too early and holding losing stocks for toe long. As per the traditional market theory, a rational investor would sell off stock with falling prices to minimize portfolio losses. However, if intuitive thinking overpowers a rational decision-maker, the investor would want to keep holding on a losing stock in anticipation of the rising in price, thus aggregating portfolio losses. In addition to this, the relationship between the holding period and the illiquidity of the stock is analyzed. It is believed that stocks with greater illiquidity require higher transaction costs to be traded as the bid-ask spread is higher; therefore stocks with greater illiquidity should have longer holding periods. To empirically test these theories, data of the Pakistan Stock Exchange is taken from the fiscal year 2012 to 2017 for all non-financial firms. The variables included are holding period, annual return, illiquidity, market capitalization and volatility of each stock. The data type demands a static panel data analysis, where the unit of the cross-section is each firm and each year is the unit of time-series. The intercept model of the panel data analysis is used to analyze the data using both random effect and fixed-effect model. Pooled OLS regression is also done to get the best results out of all three models. According to literature, there is the problem of simultaneity between the holding period and illiquidity, which causes biased estimates of parameters due to endogeneity. To overcome the issue, a lagged illiquidity instrument is used in place of the endogenous variable. Thus, our estimation method is converted to two-stage least square estimation. The results validate the literature, by showing a positive relationship between the holding period and illiquidity. Furthermore, in the second series of regression, results show that Pakistani investors are rational decision-makers. However, after the sample is dissected, it is shown that investors, who invest in firms with greater trading activity and larger firm size, tend to exhibit disposition effect