ریا ست مدینہ اسلامی تاریخ کی مثالی ریاست ہے۔ عہد نبوی ﷺ اسلامی تاریخ کا وہ سنہری دور ہے، جس کو بلاشبہ دوسرے تما م ادوار کے لیے ایک اعلیٰ نمونہ سمجھا جاتا ہے۔ ہر دور کے مسلمانوں نے حتی الوسع اس کے مطابق عمل کرنے کی کوشش کی ۔ اللہ تعالی ٰ نے جہاں رسول اللہ ﷺ کو لوگوں کو تک پیغام حق پہنچانے کا فریضہ سونپا تھا ، وہاں لوگوں کے درمیان تنازعات کا فیصلہ کرنے کی ذمہ داری بھی آپ ﷺ کے سونپی گئی تھی۔ جب اسلام کو فروغ حاصل ہوا اور مسلمانوں کی تعداد میں دن بدن اضافہ ہوتا چلا گیا۔ اس لیےان میں تنازعات کا واقع ہو جانا بھی ایک فطرتی امر تھا۔ تاہم اس مبارک دور میں صحابہ کرام رضوان اللہ اجمعین پر تقوٰی غالب تھا اور اخلاقی اقدار پر عمل ہورہاتھا ۔ اس لیے ان کے درمیان اگر کوئی تنازع پیدا بھی ہوتا تو وہ فر یقین کو ذکر کیے بغیر اس کے بارے میں شرعی حکم معلوم کر لیتے اور پھر اس پر بطیب خاطر عمل کر لیتے ۔ بہرحال یہ بھی امکان تھا کہ اگربعض تنازعات سنگین نوعیت اختیار کرجائیں ، تو اس حوالے سے رسول اللہﷺ کو حکم دیا گیا
﴿فَاحْكُمْ بَيْنَهُمْ بِمَا أَنْزَلَ اللَّه﴾270
"(اے رسول ﷺ) لوگوں کے درمیان ان احکامات کے مطابق فیصلہ کرو کہ جو اللہ تعالیٰ نے آپ پر نازل کیے ہیں۔ "
دوسری جگہ ارشاد ہوا
﴿ وَإِذَا حَكَمْتُمْ بَيْنَ النَّاسِ أَنْ تَحْكُمُوا بِالْعَدْلِ ﴾271
"اور جب لوگوں کے درمیان فیصلہ کرو تو عدل کے ساتھ کرو۔ "
اور پھر ان تنازعات کے فریقین کے لیے ارشاد فرمایا
﴿فَلَا وَرَبِّكَ لَا يُؤْمِنُونَ حَتَّى يُحَكِّمُوكَ فِيمَا شَجَرَ بَيْنَهُمْ ثُمَّ لَا يَجِدُوا فِي أَنْفُسِهِمْ حَرَجًا مِمَّا قَضَيْتَ وَيُسَلِّمُوا تَسْلِيمًا۔﴾272
"اے رسول ﷺ تیرے رب کی قسم ! لوگ اس وقت...
Muslims are a unique nation in the world who have shown unparalleled activism in preserving their sayings and relics. Caution was in view from day one. The simple precautionary measures taken in the early days later took the form of theology. In the beginning, the principles and rules of this knowledge did not exist in a disciplined form, although the scholars of Muḥaddithin adhered to the basic principles of this knowledge from the very beginning. However, references to these principles were to be found in the books of the pious. In the 4th Hijri, the scholars of Muhaddithin compiled the previous scattered work on the art of the principle of Ḥadith. Now these comprehensive definitions and terms are before us in a systematic and disciplined form in the books of ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth. In this short essay, the definition and necessity and importance of Hadith and ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth have been highlighted and also an introductory review of books written on ‘Usūl e Ḥadīth th and their authors and authors has been presented. Which indicates this. How strict were the rules and regulations of the Muslim Ummah for examining the authenticity and text of the Holy Hadith and how did they separate the authentic, weak and subject matter of the hadiths and write their separate books? And how hard they have worked to promote art.
Isoproturon [3-(4-isopropylphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (IPU)], one of the phenylurea herbicides, is extensively used across the globe in agricultural fields to overcome the pre- and post-emergence of broad leaf weeds in cereal cultures. Intensive use of IPU is becoming a source of ground and surface water contamination. Several problems including cancer, endocrine disruption and inhibition of growth in humans, animals and plants are related to IPU toxicity. Keeping in view the environmental concerns associated with IPU, there is a need to develop the strategies for removal of IPU from our environment. In this regard, the present study was conducted firstly to estimate the potential of natural adapted microbial communities for biodegradation of IPU within the agricultural fields of Shorkot, Faisalabad and Sahiwal repeatedly exposed with this herbicide. The in-field spatial variability in IPU degradation within the field was correlated with the prevailing physicochemical properties of the respective soils and was found positively correlated with the organic matter content, total organic carbon as well as the abundance of culturable heterotrophic microorganisms and negatively correlated with the pH. The soil showing a good potential for removal of IPU was used to isolate the bacterial strain having the capability for biodegradation of this herbicide through enrichment culturing using IPU as a sole source of C and N. In this study, a bacterial strain designated as Sphingobium sp. S29 was found to have the potential for biodegradation of isoproturon. The sequence of whole genome of Sphingobium sp. S29 was also sorted using CLC for the functional IPU degrading genes and a putative pdmAB gene potentially involved in the initial steps of IPU degradation was identified. The strain S29 had the potential to degrade known metabolites of IPU including monodemthylisoproturon, didemtheyl-isoproturon and 4-isopropyl aniline as well as other structurally related phenylurea herbicides including diuron and chlorotuluron. The biodegradation of IPU by this strain was optimal under shaking at 30˚C and at 8.0 pH. The bioaugmentation study of the isolated bacterial strain carried out in soil microcosms revealed that this strain has a good potential for biodegradation of isoproturon in the soil in the presence of 24% moisture content and at 30 ˚C. Based on the findings of this study, it might be concluded that the isoproturon dissipation in the agricultural fields in variable not only from field to field but also at different points within the same field thanks to the prevailing physicochemical biological properties of the soils. Moreover, it can also be concluded that the strain Sphingobium sp. S29 can serve as a potential candidate for devising the strategies for bioremediation of the soils contaminated with isoproturon.