لسان العرب کا تعارفی و تحقیقی مطالعہ

The dictionaries have played a vital role in understating and preserving any language. Arabic is a Semitic language; it has a large, deep and rich history. The Arabs have always tried to keep the Arabic language safe, but all these efforts were verbal, they did not have a tradition of writing in pre Islamic era. After the Islam they focused on writing and began the writing activities such as: exegesis of Quranic verses, Hadith and explanation of some difficult words used in Quranic verses. In the 2nd century, the first initial stage of Arabic dictionary writing began with the efforts of Al-Khalil, who is considered as a founder of Arabic dictionary writing. After that, language scholars created a great work in promotion of Arabic dictionary. Of these scholars Ibn Manzoor who sacrificed his life for the preserving Arabic language through his writing and research. And his valuable and great benefit book (Lisan-al-Arab) which is considered one of the most important source on said subject. In this Paper, we have presented an introductory and detailed study of his said book, So that Urdu readers can benefit from this scholarly investment.

Exploring the Level of Machiavellian Style Among Bank Managers and its Impact on Job Satisfaction of the Employees

Current research investigates the level of Machiavellianism in banking sector and its impact on the job satisfaction of employees working there. Five specific job satisfaction factors are selected to see the job satisfactions which are pay, promotion, supervision, co-workers and nature of work. For data collection purpose, two questionnaires were used of different authors. Sample of 240 bank employees was taken for this study using convenience sampling technique of non-probability sampling. Frequency tables, means and standard deviations used in order to present descriptive data. Correlation is used to find the relationship between two variables and linear regression used for hypothesis testing. The results shows that high level of Machiavellian style exists in the bank managers working at Chakwal and value of R (-.460) shows a strong negative relationship between Machiavellianism and Job Satisfaction. And there is significant impact of Machiavellian style of manager on job satisfaction of the employees.