اسلام میں تبدیلی مذہب کا مطالعہ: ایک تنقیدی تجزیہ

Muslim scholars have produced various writings in which the process of conversion to Islam has been presented in the form of narratives. However, less consideration has been given to the understanding of nature of this process. Furthermore, the elements which originate and shape this process have also been ignored in the previous studies. After analyzing the sources concerning the study of conversion to Islam, the current article argues that the previous studies, especially by the Muslim scholars, were mostly written for Daʻwah purposes. They did not encourage the analytical dimension of the conversion studies. For a grasp of the complex elements and the strategies underlying this process, the Western scholars divide religious conversion into its diverse types while providing different motifs. However, a critical analysis of their works points out that some of these types and motifs are not applicable to Islam. The current article points out the elements helpful in explaining the process of conversion to Islam keeping in line with the Holy Qur’ān and Sunnah. Moreover, this paper also purports that the study of Ḥadīth, spiritual experiences of converts, and the opinions of the scholars supports the concept of fiṭrah to be used as a framework for a thorough understanding of this process.

Implementing the International Baccalaureate Ib Middle Years Programme Myp in a Private School in Pakistan Rationale and Challenges

The study focused on the process of implementation of International Baccalaureate (IB) Middle Years Programme (MYP). The purpose of the study was to get an in-depth understanding of the factors which influenced the initiators to implement the IB MYP, and the challenges they faced in implementing the programme in the Pakistani context, through the principal and the IB coordinator's experiences and perceptions. The study was done through the qualitative case study research approach. The duration of the study was six weeks. The targeted population consisted of two participants (the Principal and the IB coordinator). Data was collected through semi-structured interview, observation, unstructured conversations with the teachers, document analysis and reflection. My analysis started from the first day of fieldwork in the form of reflection and analytical memos. The major limitation of the study was lack of research on IB especially IB MYP, thus, the findings have been compared mainly by the literature based on educational reform and school improvement. The study found that the process of implementation included the following elements; planning, creating awareness, moving through phases, and putting decisions and ideas into practice. The findings indicated that the principal's personal interest in the broad philosophy of IB MYP guided and influenced him to implement the programme in the Pakistani context. The main aim of implementing the IB MYP was to bring quality education in the context of Pakistan. The school faced several challenges such as; pedagogical challenges, challenges in curriculum and management practices, lack of community awareness and language policy in implementing the programme in the Pakistani context. During the process of implementation, the school resolved some of the challenges successfully. First of all, principal's leadership facilitated the implementation process. Besides this, the school followed different steps such as; arranged workshops and training programmes to empower the teachers. Moreover, school's climate of collaboration, team work, fear-free relationship among the administration, teachers and the students, and the supportive monitoring and evaluation process influenced the implementation of IB MYP in the school.