مغرب کا نظریہ ملکیت اور اسلام تقابلی جائزہ

Islam recognizes the right of individual ownership of material things in this world. A person can hold all kinds of Halal material things in his individual possession. However, Islamic Shari'a doesn't allow such a concept of individual ownership which is given in Capitalism and as adopted by Western world. The Western world's concept about individual ownership is very liberal and without any restrictions. While, Islam doesn't give full liberty to any individual but rather instructs them to own and possess Halal material things via legitimate sources, and also instructs the right usage of these material things in the light of Qur'an and Sunnah. The benefit of this Islamic law is that disqualified individuals, such as an insane person or children, have no right on disposing his or her individual property. Similarly, in the eyes of Islam, an individual person is not allowed to dispose his or her property in such a way which causes trouble and inconvenience to others, for example a person cannot dig a well on his own land which causes trouble and inconvenience to others. Islam prohibits such disposing of an individual's property.

Effect of Supervisory Practices on Attitude, Academic Satisfaction and Research Skills of the Students

The study planned to investigate the effect of supervisory practices of supervisors on attitude, academic satisfaction and research skills of students. The population comprised of all research scholars at doctorate level with their respective research supervisors enrolled in public sector universities of the provinces of KPK and Punjab. Seven hundred doctorate level scholars returned the questionnaires with 80% of response rate. A selfdeveloped research instrument named, Supervisory practices, academic satisfaction and research skills survey [SPASRSS]. The statistical tests, mean, SD, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson r, and regression were applied.The results revealed as perceived by doctoral scholars that their supervisors were always available for their research help, encouraged and supported them in publishing their research work, considered their expectations regarding supervision, familiar about the evaluation process of thesis, and clear cut schedule to enhance the progress of their research work. On the other hand, most scholars told they often experienced lack of feedback from their supervisors to make progress in their research work. About one third scholars agreed that their research skills went in vain in the hands of unskillful supervisors and claimed that research supervisor was the sole responsible for their poor research skills in doctoral degree. Female doctoral scholars rated their supervisors as more competent and have positive research attitude than that of male scholars. On the opposite side, male research scholars were more satisfied with the academic satisfaction and were more competent in research skills.The social science scholars were more satisfied with the supervisory practices and research attitude than their basic science fellows. As concerned with the basic science scholars, they were more satisfied with the indicator of personal satisfaction than that of social science scholars. The fresh research scholars were more satisfied academically and had positive research skills than in-service research scholars with better competence. A significant correlation was found in supervisors’ supervisory practices, scholars’ academic satisfaction and research skills in different departments and non- significant with research skills of doctoral scholars. About 43% research attitude of scholars was influenced by the research supervisors’ research expertise and supervisory practices.