استنباطِ احکام میں ضعیف حدیث کا مقام اور فقہاء کی آراء کا تجزیاتی مطالعہ Analytical study of the Status of hadith e Da’eef in the interpretation of rulings and the opinions of the jurists

There are two main sources of Islam, one is the Book of Allah and the other is the Sunnah and Sira of the Prophet (peace be upon him). The Qur'an is the final collection of 23 years of divine revelation revealed to the Holy Prophet (PBUH) whose literal and spiritual preservation was undertaken by Allah Almighty Himself. Therefore, the Qur'an is the only book in the world which has one letter, one action and one line in its original state just as it was revealed to the pure heart of the Holy Prophet (sws) and the Holy Prophet (sws). The Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) told the Sahaabah. That is why the greatest truth of Islam, the book is the living Qur'an. The second major basis of the reality of Islam is the pure Sira and Sunnah of the Prophet of Humanity, the Servant of the Universe. Like the Qur'an al-Hakim, every moment, every day and every angle of the life of the author of the Qur'an is in front of everyone like an open book with all its mysteries. Even in front of one's own and in front of others. A da’if hadith is a hadith which does not fulfil the conditions of the sahih or hassan hadith. Ruling: There is a difference of opinion between the ‘ulema on the ruling on acting upon weak hadiths. The reliable opinion is that weak hadiths can be acted upon for virtuous supererogatory deeds (fada’il al a’mal), for religious exhortation, and stories, and similar things that are not connected to legal rulings and tenants of belief. Keywords: Hadith, Hadith e Da’eef, Derivation of Ahkaam, Jurists, Different opinions.

Formulation and In-Vitro In-Vivo Evaluation of Creams Containing Plants Extracts Having Skin Soothing and Depigmenting Effect

Plant extracts due to their antioxidant properties and lack of any toxicity or side effects to the human skin are becoming prevalent as ingredients in different cosmeceutical preparations because they can protect the skin from harmful ultraviolet radiations and the free radicals produced due to these radiations. Plant extracts are useful in treating different skin conditions and are effective for depigmenting and soothing effects as well as act as moisturizers when applied topically due to the different agents they contain. The current work aimed to prepare stable formulations that act as vehicle for the effective and safe delivery of active ingredients in the form of topical water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion; with comparable antioxidant properties, their in-vitro characterization and in-vivo study on human volunteers. Stable placebo formulation (F4) without active (plant extract) and stable formulations F1 (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis extract), F2 (Bombax ceiba extract) and F3 (Matricaria recutita extract) containing plant extracts were developed as creams of water-in-oil type. Antioxidant activities of plant extracts were determined by three different methods namely DPPH, reducing power activity (RPA) and nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity while those of formulations containing plant extract were determined by DPPH (2, 2-di-phenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Phenolic and flavonoid contents were also assessed in the extracts. In-vitro characterization was done to investigate the changes in the physical stability (color, liquefaction, phase separation, centrifugation, viscosity and rheological parameters) in active formulations (F1, F2 and F3) containing plant extract and placebo (F4) by storing them at different storage conditions, i.e. 8 ºC, 25 ºC, 40 ºC and 40 ºC + 75% RH for a span of 12 weeks. In-vivo characterization was done to measure the effects of active formulations (F1, F2 and F3) on various skin parameters like melanin, erythema, moisture contents, elasticity, sebum and surface evaluation of living skin (SELS parameters) on human volunteers by taking the reading at specific time intervals for a total of three months. For this purpose a single blinded, split face study was conducted by dividing the volunteers into three groups with 11 volunteers in each group. Statistical tools of two-way ANOVA and paired sample t-test were employed to assess the effects produced. Antioxidant activities of Hibiscus rosa-sinensis, Bombax ceiba and Matricaria recutita extracts were 78%, 90% and 87%, respectively by DPPH method. The fresh active formulations (F1, F2 and F3) containing these extracts showed 72%, 80% and 81% anti-oxidant activities, respectively while placebo formulation (F4) showed no activity. Active formulations containing plant extracts (4% each) as well as placebo F4 showed good stability and rheological characteristics for a total period of 12 weeks. Phytochemical analysis revealed that extracts are rich in phenolic and flavonoid contents. Active formulations F1, F2 and F3 exhibited significant changes in different skin parameters while placebo (F4) displayed an insignificant change in skin melanin (P=0.05), elasticity (P=0.05), and moisture contents (P=0.000) while an increase in sebum was observed. Active formulations depicted statistically significant (P=0.05) effects on surface evaluation of living skin parameters i.e., skin roughness (SEr), skin scaliness (SEsc), skin smoothness (SEsm) and skin wrinkles (SEw) while placebo formulation did not appear to affect SELS parameters significantly. On the basis of these findings, it is concluded that the formulations containing plant extracts were found safe and effective for the improvement of skin parameters. Keywords: plant extracts, W/O emulsion, rheology, stability, viscosity, melanin, erythema.