غریب الحدیث کی مشہور کتابوں کے مناہج تألیف کا تحقیقی جائزہ

Methodical codification of “Gharib ul Hadith” books started during second century. Abu Ubaida Mua‘mmar bin Muthanna, an Iraqi scholar, pioneered the field. Afterwards numerous scholars have written books on “Gharib ul Hadith” but they followed different methodologies for their compositions. Some of them have written Hadith's disorderly, and then explained all Gharib words appearing in the Hadith. This method appears in most part of their writings. Some of the scholars have observed jurisprudential method for their creations. Others followed methodology of explaining Gharibwords by organizing Hadith's; first from Prophet Muhammad, then from sahabas (companions of Prophet Muhammad s.a.w), and finally from Taba’een (immediate followers). However, some sorted Hadith in alphabetical order. This research article presented a detailed analytical review of different methodologies adopted in famous “Gharib ul Hadith” Books.

Soil Water Dynamics and Water Use Efficiency in Maize under Different Irrigation Practices

Field experiments were conducted to study the soil water dynamics and water use efficiency in maize under different irrigation practices. Spring and Summer maize crops were sown for two years. In first experiment, five treatments (flood irrigated flat, furrow irrigated ridge, furrow irrigated raised bed, furrow irrigated raised bed with plastic mulch and sprinkler irrigated flat sowing practices) were used. The results showed that evapotranspiration, grain yield, biological yield, water use efficiency (WUE),(Irrigation water use efficiency (WUEi) and harvest index depended on moisture content under different irrigation practices in both growing seasons. Flood irrigated flat treatment gave the highest evapotranspiration, leaf area index (LAI), crop cover and biological yield, but it did not produce the highest grain yield and gave relatively low WUE and WUEi. Furrow irrigated raised bed treatment significantly improved grain yield, WUE, WUEi and harvest index. The results further showed that IMANSYS model predicted strong correlation between measured and estimated net irrigation requirement and evapotranspiration with r2 values 0.99, 0.99, 0.98 and 0.9) in Spring and Summer sown maize, respectively. Second experiment was conducted to study the deficit irrigation effect on evapotranspiration, WUE and maize yield under different irrigation techniques. Spring and Summer maize crops were sown for two years. Four treatments (furrow irrigated ridge, furrow irrigated raised bed, furrow irrigated raised bed with plastic mulch and sprinkler irrigated flat sowing practices) were used along with 100, 80 and 60 % field capacity (FC). Furrow irrigated ridge (100 % FC) gave the highest evapotranspiration (436.6 and 420 mm), but did not produce the highest grain yield (5.98 and 5.86 Mg ha-1) and gave relatively low WUE (12.2 and 12.9 kg ha-1 mm-1) and WUEi (13.4 and 13.9 kg ha-1 mm-1), respectively for spring 2011 and 2012. Furrow irrigated raised bed along with plastic mulch treatment produced maximum harvest index (0.41 and 0.39) at 80 % FC. Water use efficiency (14.6 and 20.4 kg ha-1 mm-1) and irrigation water use efficiency (17.5 and 21.2 kg ha-1 mm-1) were noted under furrow irrigated raised bed along with plastic mulch and sprinkler irrigated flat treatment at 80 % FC, respectively during spring 2011 and 2012. Results further showed that IMANSYS model predicted strong correlation between measured and estimated net irrigation requirement with r2 values 0.99, 0.99 and 0.9) in Spring and Summer sown maize, respectively. Prediction of soil water contents by HYDRUS was in good agreement with in situ measured data.