پشتو نثر میں سیرت نگاری کا ایک علمی و تجزیاتی مطالعہ: منتخب کتب سیرت کی روشنی میں

Due to the significance of Sīrah, Muslim scholars started writing about it from the very beginning of Islam. Pashto language, like other major languages, contains the Sīrah writings. There are two types of Sīrah writings in Pashto language. The first type of books are written for a common man, in a very simple language and style, just to get guidance from the Sīrah of the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). This type of books were discussed by Dr. Sa’īdullah Qaḍī in his article “Sīrah books in Pashto Language” published in “Al-Ḥaq” Monthly Journal of Jami’a Dārul Uloom Ḥaqqānia, Akora Khattak. The second type of Sīrah books are written after deep research and criticism of the narrations. But it is worth mentioning that no comprehensive research has been carried out so far which can cover both types of books. Therefore an analysis of the Selected Sīrah writings in Pashto Language has been made, to explore the remarkable Sīrah writings in Pashto Language.

Assessment of Agronomic Benefits of Mixed Cropping System and Soil Health

Diversified cropping systems are also a major economic activity to those in rural areas, providing principal food for majority of people and affecting their livelihoods and health of urban and rural poor. Cropping system is a producer’s map of their approach to production. Intensive cropping systems in irrigated areas of Punjab are cotton-wheat, ricewheat and mixed cropping systems having wheat as an essential crop. The mixed cropping system does not appear to give its economic potential during kharif period. A research work was planned to develop a cropping system under the prevailing conditions of Faisalabad, Punjab where mixed cropping system has been adopted by most of the farmers. Maize, Rice, Sunflower, Mungbean, Sarson (mustard), Wheat, Barley, Cotton, Gram, Millet, Berseem, Sesame and Jantar were grown. Randomized complete block design was used in the research with three replications. All the agronomic parameters were observed during this study and analyzed by statistics computer program. The variances among significant means were assessed by Least Significant Difference test at 5% probability level. Results showed that yield and growth of key crops like wheat, cotton, maize, millet, rice and sunflower is increased when grown after legume and restorative crops. Growth and yield of major crops like cotton, maize, wheat, millet, sunflower and rice is decreased when grown after non- legume and exhaustive crops. Nutrients contents in soil after harvesting increased after growing the legume and restorative crops. More net profit and benefit cost ratio was shown by S1 cropping systems.