Principles and Rules of Jihad: A Juristic Approach

Jihad is a sacred term and a sacred endeavor as well, but unfortunately it has been misunderstood and misused in many cases, therefore its elaboration and explanation is needed from various aspects. This article deals with the principles and rules of Jihad. At the beginning, the concept of jihad has been expounded, then motivations of war of the period of ignorance have been discussed. Those  motivations have been brought in to focus which Islam has recognized. For instance defending of religion and faith, safeguarding the territory of Muslims, eradication of persecution, eradication of Internal enemies, support for the oppressed Muslims etc. The purpose of jihad has also been discussed, while principles and rules of jihad make the next part of the article. In this regard views of a well-known medieval Hanafi jurist Imam Hasan al- Shaybani   with  the commentary of contemporary  scholars have been produced.

Synthesis, Characterization and Biological Studies of Heterocyclic Chalcones and Their Derivatives

Four series, consisting of sixty (60) new heterocyclic chalcones were synthesized by the condensation of methyl/methoxy substituted formylquinolines with various substituted heteroaromatic ketones. The precursors (formylquinolines) were prepared by Vilsmeier Haack formylation of substituted acetanilides, which in turn were synthesized by N-acetylation of various substituted anilines with the help of acetic acid in the presence of ortho phosphoric acid. Another series of piperidyl-thienyl chalcones was synthesized. For this purpose, the precursor 4-piperidin-1-ylbenzaldehyde was prepared by N- arylation of piperidine with 4-fluorobenzaldehyde in the presence of K2CO3 and a phase transfer catalyst CTAB in DMF solvent. The 4-piperidin-1-ylbenzaldehyde was then condensed with various thienyl ketones in alkaline medium with constant stirring at room temperature to give the fifth series consisting of twelve (12) new chalcones. The ketoethylinic group of chalcones was then cyclized into 2-pyrazolines by refluxing them with hydrazine hydrate in ethanolic solution. In this way fifty six (56) new pyrazoline derivatives of chalcones were obtained. Finally all of the synthesized compounds (128 in number) were screened for their antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial, anti-HIV-1 and cytotoxic activities. Many of the prepared chalcones as well as their 2-pyrazoline derivatives were proved to be potent biologically active compounds.