اسمِ اعظم کے وہ اسرار کو پا لیتے ہیں
’’عشقِ سرکاؐر جو سینے میں بسا لیتے ہیں‘‘
نعمتِ عُظمیٰ کا فیضان انہیں ملتا ہے
جو درِ قدس پہ دامن کو بچھا لیتے ہیں
اُن کو آتے ہیں نظر نورِ ہدیٰ کے جلوے
خاک طیبہ کی جو آنکھوں میں لگا لیتے ہیں
ہر صحابیؓ کا یہ مسلک ہے کہ رودادِ الم
جنؐ کی سُنتا ہے خدا اُنؐ کو سُنا لیتے ہیں
روزنِ چشمِ تصوّر سے اُنہیںؐ دیکھتے ہیں
دوریوں میں یوں حضوری کا مزا لیتے ہیں
شوقِ طیبہ کا شجر سوکھنے کب دیتے ہیں
اشکِ ہجراں کا اِسے پانی لگا لیتے ہیں
اُن کی سانسوں میں بسی خلدِ بریں کی خوشبو
شہرِ طیبہ کی جو عرفانؔ ہوا لیتے ہیں
In its development, madrasas have undergone various changes, namely from the pesantren learning system to the madrasa system; from traditional to classical methods; from halaqah system to benches, desks and blackboards; from traditional to modern curricula; from classical education to modern educational reform. The change indicates the existence of process or efforts of development of madrasah education in the direction of more advanced, qualified and competitive from time to time. Conceptually, one way to improve the quality of education and competitiveness of madrasah in the era of globalization competition is to implement strategic management which includes 4 stages such as environmental analysis, formulating, implementing and evaluating strategic decisions between functions that enable an organization to achieve its goals in the future. Strategic Management is based on the entire scope of the work. Thus it can be utilized well for makronya environment for example in government management and also can be utilized also for in mikronya environment for example in company management or organization or pengeloalan Madrasah. However, it should be understood only here that in the use of macro and micro scope there are a number of fundamental differences such as the following exposures.
Present work describes the optimization of reaction parameters for biodiesel production using chemical and enzymatic transesterification of conventional as well as nonconventional feedstocks. Response Surface Methodology based upon central composite response surface design was used to optimize reaction parameters for biodiesel production. Different reaction parameters including catalyst/enzyme type, catalyst/enzyme concentration, reaction temperature, reaction time and methanol to oil molar ratio were optimized and comprehensive protocols were developed to achieve highest biodiesel yields using both chemical and enzymatic transesterification. During chemical transesterification, NaOCH3 catalyzed transesterification was depicted to give highest biodiesel yields comparative to KOH, NaOH catalyzed transesterification whereas, during enzymatic transesterification, NOVOZYME-435 catalyzed transesterification resulted into higher biodiesel yields comparative to A.n.Lipase catalyzed transesterification reactions. Among different feedstocks studied, linseed oil exhibited highest biodiesel yield (96.5%) during chemical transesterification, while during enzymatic transesterification Eruca sativa oil exhibited best biodiesel yield (98.3%). For optimized chemical transesterification, 0.5 to 0.75% catalyst concentrations, 6:1 to 7.5:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 45 to 52.5oC and 60 min reaction time, whereas, for enzymatic transesterification 1.0 to 1.25% enzyme concentrations, 6:1 to 9:1 methanol to oil molar ratio, 30 to 32.5oC reaction temperature and 60 to 96 hrs were depicted to be optimized reaction parameters to obtain highest product yields. Monitoring of transesterification reactions was carried out using FTIR spectroscopy and High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), while compositional analysis of synthesized biodiesels was performed with Gas Chromatography equipped with Mass Spectrometric detector (GC-MS). Fuel characteristics including flash point, fire point, pour point, cloud point, density, ash content, kinematic viscosity, cetane number, higher heating value and oxidative stability were evaluated and found technically compatible and comparable with EN 14214 and ASTM D 6751 specifications. Furthermore, exhaust emission levels of CO, NOx and PM from the engine exhaust operated on biodiesel and its blends (B-5, B-20, B-40, B-50, B-80 and B-100) were also estimated. Prominent reduction in both CO and PM whereas, irregular trends in NOx emissions were depicted from engine exhaust operated on biodiesel and its blends comparative to engine exhaust emissions based on petro diesel. Based upon the above described results, it can be depicted that biodiesel is an environment friendly alternative to the conventional petrodiesel.