۔منکرین آخرت و رسالت سے تخاطب اور استفہامی اسلوب
ایمان بالآخرة یا عقیدہ آخرت ارکانِ ایمان میں سے ایک رکن ہے ، قرآن مجید میں منکرین آخرت و رسالت کو اس اہم حقیقیت کیلئے دلائل دیتے ہوئے اللہ تعالیٰ نے استفہامی اسلوب کو اختیار کیا ہے،ذیل میں عقیدہ آخرت کے بارے میں آیات استفہام پیش کی جا رہی ہیں:
۱-سورة المآئدہ میں ارشاد باری تعالیٰ ہے:
"يَوْمَ يَجْمَعُ ٱللَّهُ ٱلرُّسُلَ فَيَقُولُ مَاذَآ أُجَبْتُمْ قَالُواْ لاَ عِلْمَ لَنَآ إِنَّكَ أَنتَ عَلاَّمُ ٱلْغُيُوبِ"۔[[1]]
"جس دن اللہ جمع کرے گا سب پیغمبروں کو پھر کہے گا تم کو کیا جواب ملا تھا؟ وہ کہیں گے ہم کو خبر نہیں تو ہی چھپی باتوں کو جاننے والا ہے"۔
ابن جریر طبریؒ اس آیت کی تفسیر سے متعلق رقمطراز ہیں:
“'وہ دن کیسا ہولناک ہوگا جس روز اللہ تعالیٰ تمام پیغمبروں کو مع ان کی امتوں کے جمع کریں گے اس دن اول سے آخر تک پیدا ہونے والے سب انسان اس میدان میں حاضر ہونگے اور سب سے انکے عمر بھر کے اعمال کا حساب لیا جائے گا اللہ تعالیٰ فرمائیں گے کہ اے نبیوں جب تم نے اپنی قوم کو دین حق کی طرف بلایا تھا تو انہوں نے کیا جواب دیا تھا؟اس سوال کے مخاطب اگرچہ انبیاء کرام ہونگے مگر سنانا امتوں کو ھوگا انبیاء کرام عرض کریں گے کہ اے اللہ! بظاہر تو ہم کو جو معلوم ہیں وہ بیان کر دیں گے مگر انکے دل میں جو کچھ ہے اسکی ہمیں خبر نہیں اس کو آپ ہی جانتے ہیں کیونکہ بیشک آپ پوشیدہ باتوں کے پورے جاننے والے ہیں ہم لاعلم ہیں اور انبیاء کرام صرف اپنی...
The attachment system is thought to facilitate relationship goals by motivation seeking and bonding activities with significant others, particularly under times of stress (Bowlby, 1982). Attachment theory has also contributed to further understanding the marital relationship in terms of profound psychological and physiological interdependence. It is perhaps this interdependence that causes damage to the quality of attachment relationship. Hence, attachment injury is defined as “a specific incident or event in which one partner is unresponsive and inaccessible when one partner cries out for help in extreme need” (Johnson & Makinen, 2001). Therefore, marital distress or breakup in couple’s relationships does not happen suddenly, so understanding of attachment injury in relation to individual’s marital quality and attachment style would help practitioners to be equipped for appropriate and effective inventions. Further it would also help counsellors and mental health professionals to be familiar with the complexities of the topic by dealing with consequences of an attachment injury ethically and competently. Therefore our study aimed at examining the prevalence and nature of attachment injury and its effect on marital quality, in a group of married heterosexual couples. It also attempted to associate attachment styles with and without attachment injury in couples. The study employed cross-sectional exploratory design with a set of self-administered measures. The sample comprised of 400 married individuals from urban Bangalore. Statistical results showed those individuals who were experiencing attachment injury are associated with poor marital quality. It was also seen that attachment injury was found to be associated with gender and insecure attachment style. Therefore our findings suggest that poor marital quality with insecure attachment style plays an important role in attachment injury over time. Based on the attachment style, further intervention strategies and effective programs should be designed for marital counselling. And marital enrichment programs may be useful to enhance marital quality to prevent the marital distress or breakups.
Salinity is a major abiotic stress affecting plant growth and productivity worldwide. The salinity-induced reduction in growth and development of plants is associated with ionic/osmotic effects, nutritional imbalance or oxidative stress. Chillies are sensitive to salinity and its growth reduction is reported in developing countries. Different germination and pot trials were conducted to identify morphological, chemical and bio-chemical attributes that can be used for characterization of salinity tolerance in chilli genotypes. In first experiment, 10 Chilli genotypes were screened out for salinity tolerance. One salt sensitive and one salt tolerant genotypes were selected on the basis of morphological and chemical attributes (germination percentage, shoot length, root length, plant fresh weight, plant dry weight and leaf sodium and potassium contents). Then, effects of different salinity levels were assessed on morpho-physiological, chemical, biochemical and enzymatic attributes of salt tolerant and salt sensitive chilli genotypes. With the increase in salt stress, the antioxidant enzymatic activity was increased in both genotypes but higher enzymatic activity was noted at 5.0 and 7.0 dS m-1 salt stress in salt tolerant genotype Plahi. In the third experiment, both genotypes were tested for phospholipid signaling under salt stress and both showed increasing pattern of PIP2 and PIP responses and again maximum signaling response was observed for the salt tolerant genotype Plahi. There was an optimization experiment to find out the best proline dose that could alleviate the salinity induced affects in chilli plants. With the application of different levels of foliar proline, all growth attributes increased but maximum increase was recorded at 0.8 mM proline level. Then foliar spray of the best proline dose 0.8 mM was applied to both genotypes under salt stress of 5 dS m-1. There was significant increase in compatible solutes (proline and glycinebetaine), enzymatic activity, photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance by proline application under salt stress. There was significant decrease in toxic ions (Na+ and Cl-) and increase in K+ concentration while maximum decrease in Na+ and Cl- contents was observed in salt tolerant genotype Plahi relative to the salt sensitive genotype A-120. Hence, this study implies that proline application is a useful tool to combat salinity stress in chilli genotypes